The Effects of Different Rates of Chicken Manure and Harvest Intervals on the Bioactive Compounds of Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del.)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.8.02.80-88Keywords:
flavonoids, functional vegetable, medicinal plant, nutrients uptake, secondary metabolitesAbstract
Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) is a valuable functional vegetable and traditional medicinal plant in many tropical countries including Indonesia. Bitter leaf is commonly used to remedy hypertension and diabetes among Indonesian people. The leaf extract comprises bioactive compounds such as sesquiterpene lactones, steroid glycosides, and flavonoids. Despite its growing market demand, there is insufficient data on agronomic practice in order to obtain optimum yield with high bioactive compounds. The experimental design used was a randomized complete block design with two factors namely chicken manure rates (0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 kg per plant) and harvest intervals (2 and 3 months). There was a significant difference in fresh and dry weights of leaves, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, nitrogen concentration, anthocyanins, and flavonoids among different manure treatment. The highest concentration and production of bioactive compounds on the bitter leaf was found on the highest treatment of 7.5 kg chicken manure per plant. The harvest interval of three months significantly increased fresh and dry weights of leaves, concentration of anthocyanins, phosphorus, and potassium, uptake of phosphorus and potassium, and production of anthocyanins and flavonoids. Cultivation using chicken manure with frequent period of pruning can enhance the production of biomass as well as secondary metabolites in bitter leaf.
References
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Sims, D. and Gamon, J. (2002). Relationship between leaf pigment content and spectral reflectance across a wide range species, leaf structures, and development stages. Remote Sensing of Environment 81, 337-35
Sulaeman, E. (2009). “Chemical Analysis of Soil, Plant, Water, and Fertilizer”. Soil Research Institute. Bogor. Indonesia (In Indonesian).
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Tjhia, B., Aziz, S.A., Suketi, K. (2018). Correlations between leaf nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and Leaf chlorophyll, anthocyanins and carotenoids content at vegetative and generative stage of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del.). Journal of Tropical Crop Science 5, 1-4. DOI: 10.29244/jtcs.5.1.25-33
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Taufika, R., Aziz, S.A., and Melati, M. (2017). Flavonoid production of orange jessamine (Murraya paniculata L.) at different rates of organic fertilizer and harvest interval. Buletin Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat 27, 27-36. (In Indonesian).
Tona, L., Cimanga, R.K., Mesia, K., Musuamba, C.T., De Bruyne, T., Apers, S., Hernans, N., Van Miett, S., Pieters, L., Totte, J., and Vlietinck, A.J. (2004). In-vitro anti plasmodial activity of extracts and fraction from seven medicinal plants used in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 93, 27-32.
Weibel, F.P., Bickel, R., Leuthold, S., and Alfoldi, T. (2000). Are organically grown apples tastier and healthier? A comparative field study using conventional and alternative methods to measure fruit quality. Acta Horticulturae 517, 417-42.
Adekiya, A.O. and Ojeniyi, S.O. (2002). Evaluation of tomato growth and soil properties under methods of seedling bed preparation in an alfisol in the rainforest zone of Southwest Nigeria. Soil and Tillage Research 64, 275-279.
Allhanda, M.N. and Overman, A.R. (1995). Forage grass response to harvest interval and reclaimed water. Journal of Plant Nutrition 18, 2723-2737.
Arntz, A.M., Delucia, E.H., and Jordan, N. (1998). Contribution of photosynthetic rate to growth and reproduction in Amaranthus hybridus. Oecologia 117, 323-330.
Ayoola, G.A., Coker, H.A.B., Adesegun, S.A., Adepoju-Bello, A.A., Obaweya, K., Ezennia, E.C., and Atangbayila, T.O. (2008). Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activities of some selected medicinal plants used for malaria therapy in southwestern Nigeria. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 7, 1019-1024.
Asante, D., Effah-Yeboah, E., Barnes, P., Abban, H.A., Ameyaw, E.O., Boampong, J.N.,
Ofori, E.G., and Dadzie, J.B. (2016). Antidiabetic effect of young and old ethanolic leaf extracts of Vernonia amygdalina: a comparative study. Journal of Diabetes Research 2016, 1-13.
Aziz, S.A. (2015). "Eco-physiological Perspective of Medicinal Plants Bioactive Compounds Production". Bogor Agricultural University. Bogor. (In Indonesian)
Baldwin, J.P. (1975). A quantitative analysis of the factors affecting plant nutrient uptake from some soils. Journal of Soil Science 26, 195-206.
Bimova, P. and Pokluda, R. (2009). Impact of organic fertilizers on total antioxidant capacity in head cabbage. Horticultural Science 36, 21-25.
Butterly, B.R. and Buzzell, R.I. (1977). The relationship between chlorophyll content and rate of photosynthesis in soybeans. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 57, 1-5.
Chang, C.C., Yang, M.H., and Wen, H.M. (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 10, 178-182.
Christensen L.P. and Brandt, K. (2007). Acetylenes and psoralens In "Plant Secondary Metabolites: Occurrence, Structure and Role in the Human Diet " (A. Crozier, M.N. Clifford, H. Ashihara, eds.), pp 137-173. Blackwell Publishing.
Dumas, Y., Dadomo, M., Lucca, G.D., and Grolier, P. (2003). Effects of environmental factors and agricultural techniques on antioxidant content of tomatoes. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 83, 369-382.
Duruigbo, CI., Obiefuna, J.C., and Onweremadu, E.U. (2007). Effect of poultry manure rates on soil acidity in an ultisol. International Journal of Soil Science 2, 154-158.
Erasto, P., Grierson, D.S., and Afolayan, A.J. (2007). Antioxidant constituents in Vernonia amygdalina leaves. Pharmaceutical Biology 45, 195-199.
Erasto, P., Grierson, D.S., and Afolayan, A.J. (2007). Evaluation of antioxidant activity and the fatty acid profile of the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina growing in South Africa. Food Chemistry 104, 636-642.
Evans, J.R. (1989). Photosynthesis and nitrogen relationships in leaves of C3 plants. Oecologia 78, 9-19.
Ewulo, B.S., Ojeniyi, S.O., and Akanni, D.A. (2008). Effect of poultry manure on selected soil physical and chemical properties, growth, yield, and nutrient status of tomato. African Journal of Agricultural Research 3, 612-616.
Ghoneim, I.M. and El-Araby, M. (2003). Effect of organic manure source and biofertilizer type on growth, productivity and chemical composition of jew’s mallow (Corchorus olitorious) plants. Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science 2, 88-105.
Gross, M. (2004). Flavonoids and cardiovascular disease. Pharmaceutical Biology 42, 21–35.
Grubben, G.J. and Denton, O.A. (2004). "Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2: Vegetables". Prota Foundation. Wageningen.
Ibrahim, M.A., Jaafar, H.Z.E., Karim, E., and Ghasenzadeh, A. (2013). Impact of organic and inorganic fertilizers application on the phytochemical and antioxidant activity of kacip fatimah (Labisia pumila Benth). Molecules 18, 10973-10988.
Ibrahim, M.A., Jaafar, H.Z.E., Rahmat, A., and Rahman, Z.A. (2012). Involvement of nitrogen on flavonoids, glutathione, anthocyanin, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activities of Malaysian medicinal plant Labisia pumila Blume (Kacip Fatimah). International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13, 393-408.
Ibrahim, M.A. and Jaafar, H.Z.E. (2011). The relationship of nitrogen and C/N ratio with secondary metabolites levels and antioxidant activities in three varieties of Malaysian Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila Blume). Molecules 16, 5514-5526.
IRRI (International Rice Research Institute). (2018). “STAR (Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research)”. http://bbi.irri.org/products [April 1, 2020].
Karimuna, S.R., Aziz, S.A., and Melati, M. (2015). Correlations between leaf nutrient content and production of metabolites in orange jessamine (Murraya paniculata L. Jack) fertilized with chicken manure. Journal of Tropical Crop Science 2, 16-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.3.1.1-6
Khaliq, A., Abbasi, M.K., and Hussain, T. (2006). Effects of integrated use of organic and inorganic nutrient sources with effective microorganisms (EM) on seed cotton yield in Pakistan. Bioresource Technology 97, 967-972.
Kupchan, S.M., Hemingway, R.J., Karim, A., and Werner, D. (1969). Vernodalin and vernomygdin, two new cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactones from Vernonia amygdalina Del. Journal of Organic Chemistry 34, 3908-3911.
Marschner, H. (2012). "Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants". Academic Press. Waltham.
Oyeyemi, I.T., Akinlabi, A.A., Adewumi, A., Aleshinloye, A.O., Oyeyemi, O.T. (2018). Vernonia amygdalina: a folkloric herb with anthelminthic properties. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Science 7, 43-49.
Ruiz Diaz Suarez, D.A. (2007). “Assessment of Nitrogen Supply from Poultry Manure Applied to Corn” (Ph.D. Thesis). Iowa State University. Ames
Sims, D. and Gamon, J. (2002). Relationship between leaf pigment content and spectral reflectance across a wide range species, leaf structures, and development stages. Remote Sensing of Environment 81, 337-35
Sulaeman, E. (2009). “Chemical Analysis of Soil, Plant, Water, and Fertilizer”. Soil Research Institute. Bogor. Indonesia (In Indonesian).
Susanti, H., Aziz, S.A., Melati, M., and Susanto, S. (2011). Protein and anthocyanin production of waterleaf shoots (Talinum triangulare Jacq. Willd) at different levels of nitrogen+potassium and harvest intervals. Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia 39, 119-123.
Tjhia, B., Aziz, S.A., Suketi, K. (2018). Correlations between leaf nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and Leaf chlorophyll, anthocyanins and carotenoids content at vegetative and generative stage of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del.). Journal of Tropical Crop Science 5, 1-4. DOI: 10.29244/jtcs.5.1.25-33
Tranaviciene, T., Siksnianiene, J.B., Urbonaviciute, A., Vaguseviciene, I., Samuoliene, G., Duchovskis, P., and Sliesaravicius, A. (2007). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on wheat photosynthetic pigment and carbohydrate contents. Biologija 53, 80-84.
Taufika, R., Aziz, S.A., and Melati, M. (2017). Flavonoid production of orange jessamine (Murraya paniculata L.) at different rates of organic fertilizer and harvest interval. Buletin Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat 27, 27-36. (In Indonesian).
Tona, L., Cimanga, R.K., Mesia, K., Musuamba, C.T., De Bruyne, T., Apers, S., Hernans, N., Van Miett, S., Pieters, L., Totte, J., and Vlietinck, A.J. (2004). In-vitro anti plasmodial activity of extracts and fraction from seven medicinal plants used in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 93, 27-32.
Weibel, F.P., Bickel, R., Leuthold, S., and Alfoldi, T. (2000). Are organically grown apples tastier and healthier? A comparative field study using conventional and alternative methods to measure fruit quality. Acta Horticulturae 517, 417-42.
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Published
2021-07-04
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Betty, B., Aziz, S. A., & Suketi, K. (2021). The Effects of Different Rates of Chicken Manure and Harvest Intervals on the Bioactive Compounds of Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del.). Journal of Tropical Crop Science, 8(02), 80–88. https://doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.8.02.80-88
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