Harvesting Criteria and Drying Methods to Improve the Quality of Foxtail Millet Seeds (Setaria italica L. Beauv.)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.8.03.168-176Keywords:
chlorophyll content, germination, physiological seed quality, seed position, seed vigorAbstract
Foxtail millet is annual grasses with grains that are smaller than those of sorghum, rice, and wheat, and is considered one of the minor economic crops but with nutritional values similar to other major food crops. The development of millet as major cereal crop is considered challenging due to the low quality of its seeds, and studies have been conducted to improve millet’s seed quality. We conducted this study to determine the harvesting criteria of foxtail millet seeds based on the change in color of the panicles. We also wanted to determine the drying treatment, and evaluate the relationship between the position of the seed on the panicles and the seed viability and vigor. The first experiment was arranged based on a completely randomized design with panicle color as the first factor (green, yellow 75%, and brown) and drying time as the second factor (0 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours). The second experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with seed position as the main factor (base, middle, tip). The study was conducted on two genotypes of millet, i.e. “BOTOK 4” and “BOTOK 10”. The highest seed quality of “BOTOK 4” and “BOTOK 10” genotypes were obtained when the panicles were brown and dried for 72 hours; the seed chlorophyll content was the lowest and water content was 8.88%, with the highest viability and vigor, i.e., germination rate of 88.3%-90%, maximum growth potential of 92%-95.3%, normal sprout dry weight 596-620 mg, vigor index of 33.6% - 21.6%, and growth rate of 18.2%-17.1% etmal-1. The highest seed viability and vigor in “BOTOK 4” genotypes were obtained from the base position, i.e., 78.7% germination rate, maximum growth potential of 83.7%, vigor index of 56.5%, growth speed of 19.6 etmal-1, normal sprout dry weight of 48 mg, radicle length of 3.3 cm) and “BOTOK 10” genotypes from the middle position with 91.5% germination, maximum growth potential of 97.2%, vigor index of 21.7%, growth speed of 17.0% etmal-1, and normal sprout dry weight 61 mg.
References
Asharani, V.T., Jayadeep, A., and Malleshi, N.G. (2010). Natural antioxidants in edible flours of selected small millets. International Journal of Food Properties 13, 41–50. doi: 10.1080/10942910802163105.
Bernardi, A., Ramos, A.R., and da Silva, A.W.L., (2019). Seed size affects productive parameters in Sudan grass. Ciência Rural 49, 1-6. doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20180248.
[BMKG] Badan Meterologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika. (2020). “Data Online Iklim BMKG Periode Oktober 2019 - Maret 2020”. http://bmkg.go.id. [May 12, 2020].
Bishaw, Z., Niane, A.A., and Gan, Y. (2007). Quality seed production In “Lentil: An Ancient Crop for Modern Times” (S.S. Yadav, ed.). pp. 349 - 383.
Devi, T.B., and Mani, I. (2019). Effect of temperature on drying kinetics of vegetable seeds. Journal of Agricultural Engineering 56, 100-110.
[FAO] Food and Agriculture Organization. (2020). “FAO Statistics” . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Roma. Italy
Fernandes, J.S., Renato, M.G., Jose, M.R.F., Diego, D.S.P., Stefania, V.B.C., and Ariadne, S.O. (2019). Physiological and biochemical changes during desiccation tolerance loss in millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) seeds. Acta Scientiarum 41, 1-9. doi: 10.4025/actasciagron.v41i1.36522
Hörtensteiner, S. (2006). Chlorophyll degradation during senescence. Annual Review of Plant Biology 57, 55-77.
Ichsan, C.N., Agam, I.H., and Lina, B. (2013). Kajian warna buah dan ukuran benih terhadap viabilitas benih kopi arabika (Coffea arabica L.) varietas Gayo 1. Floratek. 8, 110-117.
Ilyas, S. (2012). “Ilmu dan Teknologi Benih, Teori dan Hasil-hasil Penelitian”. IPB Press. Bogor. Indonesia
[ISTA] International Seed Testing Association. (2018). International Rules for Seed Testing. Basserdorf. Switzerland.
Kannan, S.M., Abarna, R.T., Ragul, T.K., Subramanian, K., and Vijayalakshmi, K. (2013). “Seed Production Techniques for Cereals and Millets”. Centre for Indian Knowledge Systems (CIKS) Seed Node of the Revitalising Rainfed Agriculture Network. India.
Komala, S., Setyastuti, P., and Sri, T. (2014). Pengaruh letak biji dalam buah dan tiga macam pupuk organik terhadap daya tumbuh dan pertumbuhan bibit nangka (Artocarpus integra L.). Vegetalika 3, 98-106.
Magistrali, P.R., José, A.C., Faria, J.M.R., and Nascimento, J.F. (2015). Slow drying outperforms rapid drying in augmenting the desiccation tolerance of Genipa americana seeds. Seed Science and Technology 43, 101-110. doi: 10.15258/sst.2015.43.1.11.
Martinatti, J., Raimundo, E.K.M., Zacharias, M.B., da Conceicao, P.M., and Forti, V.A. (2020). Quality of millet seeds at different positions of the panicle. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 50, 1-8. doi: 10.1590/1983-40632020v5065026.
Martinez, I., Gupta, D., and Obeso, J.R. (2007). Allometric allocation in fruits and seed packaging conditions the conflict among selective pressures on the seed size. Evolution Ecology 21, 517-533. doi: 10.1007/s10682-006-9132-x.
Mutiarawati T. 2007. “Penanganan Pasca Panen Hasil Pertanian”. UNPAD Press. Bandung. Indonesia.
Murniati, E., Sari, M., and Fatimah, E. (2008). Pengaruh pemeraman buah dan periode simpan terhadap viabilitas benih pepaya (Carica papaya L.). Buletin Agronomi 36, 139-145.
Nanduri, K.R., Dulloo, M.E., and Engels, J.M.M. (2016). A review of factors that influence the production of quality seed for long-term conservation in gene banks. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 64, 1061-1074. doi: 10.1007/s10722-016-0425-9.
Nascimento, L.D.D., Costa, C.M.L., Taranto, O.P., and Faria, L. (2018). Mathematical modeling of the drying curves of foxtail millet seeds in spouted bed. Thermal Engineering 14, 18-22. doi: 10.5380/reterm.v14i2.62127.
Sacks, F.M., Carey, V.J., Anderson, C.A.M., Miller, E.R., Copeland, T., Charleston, J., Harshfield, B.J., Laranjo, N., McCarron, P., Swain, J., White, K., Yee, K., and Appel, L.J. (2014). Effects of high vs low glycemic index of dietary carbohydrate on cardiovascular disease risk factors and insulin sensitivity. Journal of the American Medical Association 312, 2531-2541.
Saleh, S.M.A., Zhang, Q., Chen, J., and Shen, Q. (2013). Millet grains: nutritional quality, processing, and potential health benefits. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, Institute of Food Technologists 12, 281-295. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12012.
Sharma, S., Saxena, D.C., and Riar, C.S. (2015). Antioxidant activity, total phenolics, flavonoids and anti-nutritional characteristic of germinated foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.). Cogent Food and Agriculture 2, 1-10. doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2015.1081728.
Shen, R., Yang, S., Zhao, G., Shen, Q., and Diao, X. (2015). Identification of carotenoids in Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) and the effects of cooking methods on carotenoid content. Journal of Cereal Science 61, 86-93. doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2014.10.009.
Simanjuntak, L.N. (2012). “Studi after-ripening dan teknik pematahan dormansi benih buru hotong (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.)” [Thesis]. Faculty of Agriculture. IPB University. Indonesia.
Sims, D.A., and Gamon, J.A. (2002). Relationships between leaf pigment content
and spectral reflectance across a wide range of species, leaf structures and
development stages. Remote Sensing of Environment 81, 337-354. doi: 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00010-X.
Smolikova, G.N., Laman, N.A., and Boriskevich, O.V. (2011). Role of chlorophylls and carotenoids in seed tolerance to abiotic stressors. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 58, 965-973. doi: 10.1134/S1021443711060161.
Solberg, S.O., Yndgaard, F., Andreasen, C., Bothmer, R.V., Loskutov, I.G., and Asdal, A. (2020). Long-term storage and longevity of orthodox seeds: a systematic review. Frontiers of Plant Science 11, 1-14. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01007.
Sugri, I., Nutsugah, S.K., and Yirzagla, J. (2011). Effect of some seed physical characteristics on viability of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Brown). Research Journal of Seed Science 4, 181-191. doi: 10.3923/rjss.2011.181.191.
Suhartanto, M.R. (2003). Fluoresen klorofil benih: parameter baru dalam penentuan mutu benih. Buletin Agronomi 31, 26-30.
Surya, M.I. (2008). Pengaruh tingkat kematangan buah terhadap perkecambahan
benih pada Pyracantha spp. Buletin Kebun Raya Indonesia 11, 36-40.
Tirajoh, S. (2015). Pemanfaatan jawawut (Setaria italica) asal papua sebagai bahan pakan
pengganti jagung. Wartazoa 25, 117-124. doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v25i3.1156.
Tresniawati, C., Murniati, E., and Widajati, E. (2014). Perubahan fisik, fisiologi dan biokimia selama pemasakan benih dan studi rekalsitransi benih kemiri sunan. Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia 42, 74-79
Varghese, B., and Naithani, S.C. (2008). Oxidative metabolism-related changes in cryogenically stored neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seeds. Journal of Plant Physiology 165, 755-765. doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.03.009.
Vijay, M.K., Sushil, P., Chitra, D.P., and Yasin, J. (2015). Impact of drying methods on the seed quality of sorghum (Sorghum bicolour (L.) Moench). African Journal of Agricultural Research 10, 1898-1903. doi: 10.5897/AJAR2015.9649.
Yano, A., Masato, T., Kazushi, O., Shinsuke, N., and Takashi, S. (2017). Xanthophyll levels in Foxtail Millet grains according to variety and harvesting time. Plant Production Science 20, 136-143. doi: 10.1080/1343943X.2016.1246347.
Zahroh, Z.A. (2017). “Karakterisasi dan Evaluasi Pertumbuhan Enam Genotipe Hotong Hasil Eksplorasi” [Thesis]. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Indonesia.
Zhang, L., Liu, R., and Niu, W. (2014). Phytochemical and antiproliferative activity of Proso Millet. PLoS ONE 9, 40-58. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104058.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
All publications by Journal of Tropical Crop Science is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
