The Effects of Preharvest Mild Shading on the Quality and Production of Essential Oil from Kaffir Lime Leaves (Citrus hystrix)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.9.01.15-21Keywords:
citronellal, citronellol, Citrus hystrix, refractive index, specific gravityAbstract
Kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC) is a less popular citrus species commonly used as a food spice and a source of essential oil. Early studies report the success of preharvest mild shading to increase leaf yield, although there is still limited information on the effect of preharvest shading on the quality of essential oil produced. The aim of this current study is to evaluate the effect of preharvest mild shading factors on the yield, physical characteristics, and metabolite fingerprinting of kaffir lime leaves essential oil (KLLEO). One-year-old kaffir lime trees were sampled in two preharvest treatments, i.e., open sun and mild shading (24% light reduction) at Pasir Kuda experimental field, Bogor, Indonesia. Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant effect of preharvest treatment on yield and physical characteristics (color, specific gravity, and refractive index) of KLLEO. In contrast, there was a metabolite fingerprinting variation of KLLEO as an effect of mild shading. The relative percentage of bergamol, citronellol, caryophyllene oxide, citronellic acid, isopulegol, isopulegyl formate, limonene, linalool, and linalool oxide was increased by mild shading. On the other hand, the main metabolite (citronellal) was significantly reduced by about 10% in shading treatment, as compared to the open-sun ones.
References
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Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, E., and Efendi, D. (2021b). Morphological evaluation and determination keys of 21 citrus genotypes at seedling stage. Biodiversitas 22, 1570-1579. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d220364.
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Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, E., and Efendi, D. (2018). Shoot manipulations improve flushing and flowering of mandarin citrus in Indonesia. Journal of Applied Horticulture 20, 112-118. DOI: 10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.20
Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, E., and Efendi, D. (2017). The potentials of limau (Citrus amblycarpa) as a functional food and ornamental mini tree based on metabolomic and morphological approach. Journal of Tropical Crop Sciences 4, 49-57. DOI: 10.29244/jtcs.4.2.49-57
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Costa, L.C.B., Pinto, J.E.B.P., Castro, E.M., Alves, E., Rosal, L.F., Bertolucci, S.K.V., Alves, P.B., and Evangelino. (2010). Yield and composition of the essential oil of Ocimum selloi Benth. cultivated under coloured netting. Journal of Essential Oil Research 22, 34-39. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2010.9700260
Darzi, M.T. (2012). Effects of organic manure and biofertilizer application on flowering and some yield traits of coriander (Coriandrum sativum). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 4, 103-107.
Efendi, D., Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, S., and Agusta, A. (2021). Relationship among agroclimatic variables, soil and leaves nutrient status with the yield and main composition of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC) leaves essential oil. Metabolites 11, 1-14. DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050260
FAO. (2016). “Citrus Fruit Statistics 2015”. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.
Garcia-Caparros, P., Romero, M.J., Llanderal, A., Cermeno, P., Lao, M., and Segura, M.L. (2019). Effects of drought stress on biomass, essential oil content, nutritional parameters, and costs of production in six Lamiaceae species. Water 11, 573. DOI: 10.3390/w11030573
Gerami, F., Moghaddam, P.R., Ghorbani, R., and Hassani, A. (2016). Effects of irrigation intervals and organic manure on morphological traits, essential oil content and yield of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.). Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences 88, 2375–2385. DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201620160208
Guenther, E. (1987). “Minyak Atsiri I”. Universitas Indonesia Press, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Jabalpurwala, F.A., Smoot, J.M., and Rouseff, R.L. (2009). A comparison of citrus blossom volatiles. Phytochemistry 70, 1428–1434. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.031
Jantan, I., Ahmad, A.S., Ahmad, A.R., Ali, N.A.M., and Ayop, N. (1996). Chemical composition of some citrus oils from Malaysia. Journal of Essential Oil Research 8, 627–632. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.1996.9701030
Kumar, R., Sharma, S., and Pathania, V. (2013). Effect of shading and plant density on growth, yield and oil composition of clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.) in north western Himalaya. Journal of Essential Oil Research 25, 23-32. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2012.742467
Lenardao, E.J., Botteselle, G.V., De Azambuja, F., Perin, G., and Jacob, R.G. (2007). Citronellal as key compound in organic synthesis. Tetrahedron 63, 6671-6712. DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.03.159
Lota, M.L., Serra, D.R.D., Tomi, F., Jacquemond, C., and Casanova, J. (2002). Volatile components of peel and leaf oils of lemon and lime species. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50, 796-805. DOI: 10.1021/jf010924l
Mahulette, A.S., Hariyadi, Yahya, S., and Wachjar, A. (2020). Physico-chemical properties of clove oil from three forest clove accession groups in Maluku. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Enviromental Science 418, 012028. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/418/1/012028
Nor, O.M. (1999). Volatile aroma compounds in Citrus hystrix oil. Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Food Science 27, 225–229.
Othman, S.N.A.M., Hassan, M.A., Nahar, L., Basar, N., Jamil, S., and Sarker, S.D. (2016). Essential oils from the malaysian citrus (rutaceae) medicinal plants. Medicines 3, 1-11. DOI: 10.3390/medicines3020013
Pinto, J.E.B.P., Cardisi, J.C.W., de Castro, E.M., Bertolucci, S.K.V., de Melo, L.A., and Dousseau, S. (2007). Morphophysiological aspects and essential oil content in Brazilian-lavender as affected by shadowing. Horticultura Brasileira 25, 210-214. DOI: 10.1590/S0102-05362007000200016
Rahimmaleka, M. and Goli, S.A.H. (2013). Evaluation of six drying treatments with respect to essential oil yield, composition and color characteristics of Thymys daenensis subsp. daenensis. Celak leaves. Industrial Crops and Products 42, 613-619. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.06.012
Ram, M. and Kumar, S. (1997). Yield improvement in the regenerated and transplanted mint (Mentha arvensis) by recycling the organic wastes and manures. Bioresource Techology 97, 886-893.
Rammanee, K. and Hongpattarakere, T. (2011). Effects of tropical citrus essential oils on growth, aflatoxin production, and ultrastructure alterations of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Food Bioprocess Technology 4, 1050-1059. DOI: 10.1007/s11947-010-0507-1
Rao, B.R., Kaul, P.N., Mallavarapu, G.R., and Ramesh, S. (1996). Effect of seasonal climatic changes on biomassyield and terpenoid composition of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium species). Biochemical Systematics Ecology 24, 627-635. DOI: 10.1016/S0305-1978(96)00071-3
Ratseewo, J., Tangkhawanit, E., Meeso, N., Kaewseejan, N., and Siriamornpun, S. (2016). Changes in antioxidant properties and volatile compounds of kaffir lime leaf as affected by cooking processes. International Food Research Journal 23, 188-196.
Russo, M., and Honermeier, B. (2017). Effect of shading on leaf yield, plant parameters, and essential oil content of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.). Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 7, 27-34. DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2017.04.003
Said-Al Ahl, H.A.H., and Abdou, M.A.A. (2009). Impact of water stress and phosphorus fertilizer on fresh herb and essential oil content of dragonhead. International Agrophysics 23, 403-407.
Santos, M.F., Mendonca, M.C., Filho, J.L.A.S.C., Dantas, I.B., Silva-Mann, R., and Blank, A.F. (2009). Cattle manure and biofertilizer on the cultivation of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.). Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais 11, 355-359.
Singh, R., Singh, R., Soni, S.K., Singh, S.P., Chauhan, U.K., and Kalra, A. (2013). Vermicompost from biodegraded distillation waste improves soil properties and essential oil yield of Pogostemon cablin (patchouli) Benth. Applied Soil Ecology 70, 48-56. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2013.04.007
Tinjan, P., and Jirapakkul, W. (2007). Comparative study on extraction methods of free and glycosidically bound volatile compounds from kaffir lime leaves by solvent extraction and solid phase extraction. Kasetsart Journal Natural Science 41, 300–306.
Waikedre, J., Dugay, A., Barrachina, I., Herrenknecht, C., Cabalion, P., and Fournet, A. (2010). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from new caledonian Citrus macroptera and Citrus hystrix. Chemistry and Biodiversity 7, 871–877. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900196
Wongpornchai, S. (2012). Kaffir lime leaf in Handbook of Herbs and Spices. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Yassen, A.A., and Khalid, K.A. (2009). Influence of organic fertilizers on the yield, essential oil and mineral content of onion. International Agrophysics 23, 183-188.
Anwar, M., Patra, D.D., Chand, S., Alpesh, K., Naqvi, A.A., and Khanuja, S.P.S. (2005). Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil quality of french basil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 36, 1737–1746. DOI: 10.1081/CSS-200062434
Araujo, L.L.N., Melo, H.C., Paula, J.R., Alves, F.R.R., and Portes, T.A. (2018). Yield and composition of the essential oil of Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd (Lamiaceae) cultivated under different shading levels. Planta Daninha 36, 1-9. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-83582018360100066
Atef, C., Boualem, M., Cherif, M.M., Youcef, H., and Azzedine, C. (2015). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils in xerophytic plant Cotula cinerea Del (Asteraceae) during two stages of development: flowering and fruiting. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 50, 29-34. DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.50306
Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, E., Efendi, D., and Agusta, A. (2021a). Short Communication: Allometric model to estimate bifoliate leaf area and weight of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix). Biodiversitas 22, 2815-2820. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d220545
Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, E., and Efendi, D. (2021b). Morphological evaluation and determination keys of 21 citrus genotypes at seedling stage. Biodiversitas 22, 1570-1579. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d220364.
Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, E., Efendi, D., and Agusta, A. (2021c). Sensory evaluation of the quality of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC.) leaves exposed to different postharvest treatments. Journal of Tropical Crop Sciences 8, 71-79. DOI: 10.29244/jtcs.8.02.71-79
Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, E., Efendi, D., and Agusta, A. (2019a). Production, post-harvest and marketing of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC) in Tulungagung, Indonesia. Journal of Tropical Crop Sciences 6, 138-143. DOI: 10.29244/jtcs.6.02.138-143
Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, E., Efendi, D., and Agusta, A. (2019b). Agronomical and physiological characters of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC) seedling under artificial shading and pruning. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 31, 222-230. DOI: 10.9755/ejfa.2019.v31.i3.1920
Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, E., Efendi, D., and Agusta, A. (2019c). A review of root pruning to regulate citrus growth. Journal of Tropical Crop Sciences 6, 1-7. DOI: 10.29244/jtcs.6.01.1-7
Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, E., and Efendi, D. (2018). Shoot manipulations improve flushing and flowering of mandarin citrus in Indonesia. Journal of Applied Horticulture 20, 112-118. DOI: 10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.20
Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, E., and Efendi, D. (2017). The potentials of limau (Citrus amblycarpa) as a functional food and ornamental mini tree based on metabolomic and morphological approach. Journal of Tropical Crop Sciences 4, 49-57. DOI: 10.29244/jtcs.4.2.49-57
Costa, A.G., Chagas, J.H., Bertolucci, S.K.V., and Pinto, J.E.B.P. (2014). Shading levels and net type on vegetative growth and essential oil production of peppermint. Horticultura Brasileira 32, 194-199. DOI: 10.1590/S0102-05362014000200013
Costa, L.C.B., Pinto, J.E.B.P., Castro, E.M., Alves, E., Rosal, L.F., Bertolucci, S.K.V., Alves, P.B., and Evangelino. (2010). Yield and composition of the essential oil of Ocimum selloi Benth. cultivated under coloured netting. Journal of Essential Oil Research 22, 34-39. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2010.9700260
Darzi, M.T. (2012). Effects of organic manure and biofertilizer application on flowering and some yield traits of coriander (Coriandrum sativum). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 4, 103-107.
Efendi, D., Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, S., and Agusta, A. (2021). Relationship among agroclimatic variables, soil and leaves nutrient status with the yield and main composition of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC) leaves essential oil. Metabolites 11, 1-14. DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050260
FAO. (2016). “Citrus Fruit Statistics 2015”. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.
Garcia-Caparros, P., Romero, M.J., Llanderal, A., Cermeno, P., Lao, M., and Segura, M.L. (2019). Effects of drought stress on biomass, essential oil content, nutritional parameters, and costs of production in six Lamiaceae species. Water 11, 573. DOI: 10.3390/w11030573
Gerami, F., Moghaddam, P.R., Ghorbani, R., and Hassani, A. (2016). Effects of irrigation intervals and organic manure on morphological traits, essential oil content and yield of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.). Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences 88, 2375–2385. DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201620160208
Guenther, E. (1987). “Minyak Atsiri I”. Universitas Indonesia Press, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Jabalpurwala, F.A., Smoot, J.M., and Rouseff, R.L. (2009). A comparison of citrus blossom volatiles. Phytochemistry 70, 1428–1434. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.031
Jantan, I., Ahmad, A.S., Ahmad, A.R., Ali, N.A.M., and Ayop, N. (1996). Chemical composition of some citrus oils from Malaysia. Journal of Essential Oil Research 8, 627–632. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.1996.9701030
Kumar, R., Sharma, S., and Pathania, V. (2013). Effect of shading and plant density on growth, yield and oil composition of clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.) in north western Himalaya. Journal of Essential Oil Research 25, 23-32. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2012.742467
Lenardao, E.J., Botteselle, G.V., De Azambuja, F., Perin, G., and Jacob, R.G. (2007). Citronellal as key compound in organic synthesis. Tetrahedron 63, 6671-6712. DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.03.159
Lota, M.L., Serra, D.R.D., Tomi, F., Jacquemond, C., and Casanova, J. (2002). Volatile components of peel and leaf oils of lemon and lime species. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50, 796-805. DOI: 10.1021/jf010924l
Mahulette, A.S., Hariyadi, Yahya, S., and Wachjar, A. (2020). Physico-chemical properties of clove oil from three forest clove accession groups in Maluku. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Enviromental Science 418, 012028. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/418/1/012028
Nor, O.M. (1999). Volatile aroma compounds in Citrus hystrix oil. Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Food Science 27, 225–229.
Othman, S.N.A.M., Hassan, M.A., Nahar, L., Basar, N., Jamil, S., and Sarker, S.D. (2016). Essential oils from the malaysian citrus (rutaceae) medicinal plants. Medicines 3, 1-11. DOI: 10.3390/medicines3020013
Pinto, J.E.B.P., Cardisi, J.C.W., de Castro, E.M., Bertolucci, S.K.V., de Melo, L.A., and Dousseau, S. (2007). Morphophysiological aspects and essential oil content in Brazilian-lavender as affected by shadowing. Horticultura Brasileira 25, 210-214. DOI: 10.1590/S0102-05362007000200016
Rahimmaleka, M. and Goli, S.A.H. (2013). Evaluation of six drying treatments with respect to essential oil yield, composition and color characteristics of Thymys daenensis subsp. daenensis. Celak leaves. Industrial Crops and Products 42, 613-619. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.06.012
Ram, M. and Kumar, S. (1997). Yield improvement in the regenerated and transplanted mint (Mentha arvensis) by recycling the organic wastes and manures. Bioresource Techology 97, 886-893.
Rammanee, K. and Hongpattarakere, T. (2011). Effects of tropical citrus essential oils on growth, aflatoxin production, and ultrastructure alterations of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Food Bioprocess Technology 4, 1050-1059. DOI: 10.1007/s11947-010-0507-1
Rao, B.R., Kaul, P.N., Mallavarapu, G.R., and Ramesh, S. (1996). Effect of seasonal climatic changes on biomassyield and terpenoid composition of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium species). Biochemical Systematics Ecology 24, 627-635. DOI: 10.1016/S0305-1978(96)00071-3
Ratseewo, J., Tangkhawanit, E., Meeso, N., Kaewseejan, N., and Siriamornpun, S. (2016). Changes in antioxidant properties and volatile compounds of kaffir lime leaf as affected by cooking processes. International Food Research Journal 23, 188-196.
Russo, M., and Honermeier, B. (2017). Effect of shading on leaf yield, plant parameters, and essential oil content of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.). Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 7, 27-34. DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2017.04.003
Said-Al Ahl, H.A.H., and Abdou, M.A.A. (2009). Impact of water stress and phosphorus fertilizer on fresh herb and essential oil content of dragonhead. International Agrophysics 23, 403-407.
Santos, M.F., Mendonca, M.C., Filho, J.L.A.S.C., Dantas, I.B., Silva-Mann, R., and Blank, A.F. (2009). Cattle manure and biofertilizer on the cultivation of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.). Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais 11, 355-359.
Singh, R., Singh, R., Soni, S.K., Singh, S.P., Chauhan, U.K., and Kalra, A. (2013). Vermicompost from biodegraded distillation waste improves soil properties and essential oil yield of Pogostemon cablin (patchouli) Benth. Applied Soil Ecology 70, 48-56. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2013.04.007
Tinjan, P., and Jirapakkul, W. (2007). Comparative study on extraction methods of free and glycosidically bound volatile compounds from kaffir lime leaves by solvent extraction and solid phase extraction. Kasetsart Journal Natural Science 41, 300–306.
Waikedre, J., Dugay, A., Barrachina, I., Herrenknecht, C., Cabalion, P., and Fournet, A. (2010). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from new caledonian Citrus macroptera and Citrus hystrix. Chemistry and Biodiversity 7, 871–877. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900196
Wongpornchai, S. (2012). Kaffir lime leaf in Handbook of Herbs and Spices. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Yassen, A.A., and Khalid, K.A. (2009). Influence of organic fertilizers on the yield, essential oil and mineral content of onion. International Agrophysics 23, 183-188.
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2022-02-09
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Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, E., Efendi, D., & Agusta, A. (2022). The Effects of Preharvest Mild Shading on the Quality and Production of Essential Oil from Kaffir Lime Leaves (Citrus hystrix). Journal of Tropical Crop Science, 9(01), 15–21. https://doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.9.01.15-21
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