Assessment of Different Biochar and Composted Cow Dung on Soil Properties, Growth and Cob Weight of Maize
Keywords:
organic fertilizer, maize productivity, soil fertility, agricultural feedstocks
Abstract
Crop production in tropical soils is constrained by low fertility. The scarcity and high prices of chemical fertilizers have added to the existing challenges. This study examined the influence of different types of biochar and cow dung compost (CDC) on soil properties, growth and cob weight of maize. A polythene pot experiment was conducted at the screen house of the Institute of Ecology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design. Amendments used were: cow dung compost, cow dung biochar and maize cob biochar, which were applied singly at the rates of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 t.ha-1. The production of biochar from cow dung compost and maize cobs was done using a local charcoal-fired reactor. The feedstocks were slowly pyrolyzed at 350 0C and removed after 3hrs. The treatments were replicated twice. Soils amended with CDC had the highest growth parameters compared to other amendments. In the first season, CDC had a 22% increase in height compared to MCB. CDC had a height of 72 cm while MCB had the lowest height with 56 cm. The growth rate was as follows: CDC > CDB > MCB. CDC also increased cob weights when compared to other amendments. At 4 t ha-1, CDC had 2.20 g, CDB had 0.90 g while MCB had 0.47 g. Significant differences were observed among the treatments. However, it was observed that CDB increased soil chemical properties compared to other amendments. Soil properties such as organic carbon and total nitrogen were significantly improved in soils treated with CDB. This study concluded that cow dung biochar was better suited to improve soil properties while also improving crop growth compared to other amendments.
References
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Cely, P., Gascó, G., Paz-Ferreiro, J., and Méndez, A. (2015). Agronomic properties of biochars from different manure wastes. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 111, 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2014.11.014.
Chivenge, P., Vanlauwe, B., Gentile, R., and Six, J. (2011). Organic resource quality influences short-term aggregate dynamics and soil organic carbon and nitrogen accumulation. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 43, 657-666.
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Goredema-Matongera, N., Ndhlela, T., Magorokosho, C., Kamutando, C. N., van Biljon, A., and Labuschagne, M. (2021). Multi-nutrient biofortification of maize (Zea mays L.) in Africa: current status, opportunities and limitations. Nutrients 13, 10- 39.
Gunamantha, I. M., and Widana, G. A. B. (2018). Characterization the potential of biochar from cow and pig manure for geoecology application. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 131, 012-055. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/131/1/012055
Hassan, M., Liu, Y., Naidu, R., Parikh, S. J., Du, J., Qi, F., and Willett, I. R. (2020). Influences of feedstock sources and pyrolysis temperature on the properties of biochar and functionality as adsorbents: a meta-analysis. Science of The Total Environment 744, 140- 714.
IITA (2018). “Annual Report on Maize Production”. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State.
Jackson, M. L. (1962). “Soil Chemical Analysis”. Constable and Co. Ltd. London, 497 p.
Karam, D. S., Nagabovanalli, P., Rajoo, K. S., Ishak, C. F., Abdu, A., Rosli, Z., Muharam, F.M., and Zulperi, D. (2021). An overview on the preparation of rice husk biochar, factors affecting its properties, and its agriculture application. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences 7, 123 – 140.
Kochanek, J., Soo, R. M., Martinez, C., Dakuidreketi, A., and Mudge, A. M. (2022). Biochar for intensification of plant-related industries to meet productivity, sustainability and economic goals: a review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 179, 106- 109.
Lehmann, J., Gaunt, J., and Rondon M. (2006) “Biochar sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems, a review. Mitigation Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 11, 403–427.
Lehmann, J., Pereira da Silva, J., Steiner, C., Nehls, T., Zech, W., and Glaser, B. (2003). Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological anthrosol and a ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: fertilizer, manure and charcoal amendments. Plant and Soil 249, 343–357.
Liu, Z., Xie, W., Yang, Z., Huang, X., and Zhou, H. (2021). Effects of manure and chemical fertilizer on bacterial community structure and soil enzyme activities in North China. Agronomy 11, 10-17.
Mansoor, S., Kour, N., Manhas, S., Zahid, S., Wani, O. A., Sharma, V., Wijaya, L., Alyemeni, M.N., Alsahli, A.A., El-Serehy, H.A., and Ahmad, P. (2021). Biochar as a tool for effective management of drought and heavy metal toxicity. Chemosphere 271, 129-258.
Martey, E., and Kuwornu, J. K. (2021). Perceptions of climate variability and soil Fertility management choices among smallholder farmers in Northern Ghana. Ecological Economics 180, 106-170.
Nyambo, P., Taeni, T., Chiduza, C., and Araya, T. (2018). Effects of maize residue biochar amendments on soil properties and soil loss on acidic Hutton soil. Agronomy 8, 201 - 256. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8110256
Ozlu, E., Kumar, S., and Arriaga, F. J. (2019). Responses of long‐term cattle manure on soil physical and hydraulic properties under a corn–soybean rotation at two locations in eastern South Dakota. Soil Science Society of America Journal 83(5), 1459-1467.
Shariff, A., Mohamad Aziz, N. S., and Abdullah, N. (2016). Corn cob as a potential feedstock for slow pyrolysis of biomass. Journal of Physical Science 27, 123–137. https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2016.27.2.9
Shetty, R., Vidya, C. S.-N., Prakash, N. B., Lux, A., and Vaculík, M. (2021). Aluminum toxicity in plants and its possible mitigation in acid soils by biochar: A review. Science of The Total Environment 765, 142- 184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142744.
Siedt, M., Schäffer, A., Smith, K. E., Nabel, M., Roß-Nickoll, M., and van Dongen, J. T. (2021). Comparing straw, compost, and biochar regarding their suitability as agricultural soil amendments to affect soil structure, nutrient leaching, microbial communities, and the fate of pesticides. Science of the Total Environment 751, 141-207.
Tag, A. T., Duman, G., Ucar, S., and Yanik, J. (2016). Effects of feedstock type and pyrolysis temperature on potential applications of biochar. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 120, 200–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2016.05.006
Walkley, A., and Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science 37, 29-38.
Wamalwa, S. W., Danga, B. O., and Kwena, K. (2021). Effects of integrated soil fertility management practices on soil micronutrients and maize (Zea mays L.) Yields in Semi-Arid, Kenya. African Journal of Education, Science and Technology 6, 164-176.
Yacoubou, A. M., Zoumarou Wallis, N., Menkir, A., Zinsou, V. A., Onzo, A., Garcia‐Oliveira, A. L., Meseka, S., Wende, M., Gedil, M., and Agre, P. (2021). Breeding maize (Zea mays) for Striga resistance: past, current and prospects in sub-Saharan Africa. Plant Breeding 140, 195-210.
Yang, Q., Mašek, O., Zhao, L., Nan, H., Yu, S., Yin, J., and Cao, X. (2021). Country-level potential of carbon sequestration and environmental benefits by utilizing crop residues for biochar implementation. Applied Energy 282, 116-275.
Agegnehu, G., Bird, M. I., Nelson, P. N., and Bass, A. M. (2015). The ameliorating effects of biochar and compost on soil quality and plant growth on a Ferralsol. Soil Research 53, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR14118
Almeida, R. F., Queiroz, I. D. S., Mikhael, J. E. R., Oliveira, R. C., and Borges, E. N. (2019). Enriched animal manure as a source of phosphorus in sustainable agriculture. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture 8, 203-210.
Anderson, J. M., and Ingram, J. S. I. (1993). “A Handbook of Methods” pp. 62-65. CAB International, Wallingford. Oxfordshire.
Antonious, G. F. (2018). Biochar and animal manure impact on soil, crop yield and quality. Agricultural Waste and Residues 2, 45-67.
Badu-Apraku, B., Garcia-Oliveira, A. L., Petroli, C. D., Hearne, S., Adewale, S. A., and Gedil, M. (2021). Genetic diversity and population structure of early and extra-early maturing maize germplasm adapted to sub-Saharan Africa. Plant Biology 21, 1-15.
Berek, A. K., and Hue, N. (2013). ‘Improving soil productivity with biochars’ In “ICGAI
2013 Conference Proceeding” p. 24. Yogyakarta. Indonesia.
Botha, A., Kunert, K. J., Maling’a, J., and Foyer, C. H. (2019). Defining biotechnological solutions for insect control in sub‐Saharan Africa. Food and Energy Security 1, 1-21 doi:10.1002/fes3.191
Bouyoucos, G. J. (1962). Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils. Agronomy Journal 54, 464-465.
Bray, R. H., and Kurtz, L. T. (1945). Determination of total, organic, and available forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Science 59, 39-46.
Cely, P., Gascó, G., Paz-Ferreiro, J., and Méndez, A. (2015). Agronomic properties of biochars from different manure wastes. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 111, 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2014.11.014.
Chivenge, P., Vanlauwe, B., Gentile, R., and Six, J. (2011). Organic resource quality influences short-term aggregate dynamics and soil organic carbon and nitrogen accumulation. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 43, 657-666.
Clough, T., Condron, L., Kammann, C., and Müller, C. (2013). A review of biochar and soil nitrogen dynamics. Agronomy 3, 275 - 315.
Cox, J., Hue, N. V., Ahmad, A., and Kobayashi, K. D. (2021). Surface-applied or incorporated biochar and compost combination improves soil fertility, Chinese cabbage and papaya biomass. Biochar 3, 213–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-020-00081-z
Dalling, J. W., Heineman, K., Lopez, O. R., Wright, S. J., and Turner, B. L. (2016). Nutrient availability in tropical rain forests: the paradigm of phosphorus limitation. “In Tropical Tree Physiology” pp. 261-273. Springer.
Danje, S. (2011). “Fast Pyrolysis Of Corn Residues For Energy Production”.p 5. Stellenbosch University.
Das, S. K., Ghosh, G. K., Avasthe, R. K., and Sinha, K. (2021). Compositional heterogeneity of different biochar: effect of pyrolysis temperature and feedstocks. Journal of Environmental Management 278, 111 - 501.
Domingues, R. R., Trugilho, P. F., Silva, C. A., Melo, I. C. N. A. de, Melo, L. C. A., Magriotis, Z. M., and Sánchez-Monedero, M. A. (2017). Properties of biochar derived from wood and high-nutrient biomasses with the aim of agronomic and environmental benefits. PLOS ONE 12, 5-21 e0176884. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176884
Erbaugh, J., Bierbaum, R., Castilleja, G., da Fonseca, G. A., and Hansen, S. C. B. (2019). Toward sustainable agriculture in the tropics. World Development 121, 158-162.
Fageria, N. K. (2012). Role of soil organic matter in maintaining sustainability of cropping systems. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 43, 2063-2113.
FAO. (2018). “Save Food for a Better Climate: Converting the Food Loss and Waste Challenge Into Climate Action”. http://www.fao.org/publications/en/ accessed and downloaded August 2019.
FAO. (2021). “FAOStat”. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
Flint, L., Flint, A., Stern, M., Mayer, A., Vergara, S., Silver, W., Casey, F., Franco, F., Byrd, K., Sleeter, B. Alvarez, P., and Cameron, D. (2018). Increasing soil organic carbon to mitigate greenhouse gases and. California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment, California Natural Resources Agency. Publication no CCCA4-CNRA-2018-006.
Ghodake, G. S., Shinde, S. K., Kadam, A. A., Saratale, R. G., Saratale, G. D., Kumar, M., Palem, R.R., AL-Shwaiman, H.A., Elgorban, A.M., Syed, A., and Kim, D. Y. (2021). Review on biomass feedstocks, pyrolysis mechanism and physicochemical properties of biochar: state-of-the-art framework to speed up vision of circular bioeconomy. Journal of Cleaner Production 1, 216 - 245.
Goredema-Matongera, N., Ndhlela, T., Magorokosho, C., Kamutando, C. N., van Biljon, A., and Labuschagne, M. (2021). Multi-nutrient biofortification of maize (Zea mays L.) in Africa: current status, opportunities and limitations. Nutrients 13, 10- 39.
Gunamantha, I. M., and Widana, G. A. B. (2018). Characterization the potential of biochar from cow and pig manure for geoecology application. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 131, 012-055. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/131/1/012055
Hassan, M., Liu, Y., Naidu, R., Parikh, S. J., Du, J., Qi, F., and Willett, I. R. (2020). Influences of feedstock sources and pyrolysis temperature on the properties of biochar and functionality as adsorbents: a meta-analysis. Science of The Total Environment 744, 140- 714.
IITA (2018). “Annual Report on Maize Production”. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State.
Jackson, M. L. (1962). “Soil Chemical Analysis”. Constable and Co. Ltd. London, 497 p.
Karam, D. S., Nagabovanalli, P., Rajoo, K. S., Ishak, C. F., Abdu, A., Rosli, Z., Muharam, F.M., and Zulperi, D. (2021). An overview on the preparation of rice husk biochar, factors affecting its properties, and its agriculture application. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences 7, 123 – 140.
Kochanek, J., Soo, R. M., Martinez, C., Dakuidreketi, A., and Mudge, A. M. (2022). Biochar for intensification of plant-related industries to meet productivity, sustainability and economic goals: a review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 179, 106- 109.
Lehmann, J., Gaunt, J., and Rondon M. (2006) “Biochar sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems, a review. Mitigation Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 11, 403–427.
Lehmann, J., Pereira da Silva, J., Steiner, C., Nehls, T., Zech, W., and Glaser, B. (2003). Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological anthrosol and a ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: fertilizer, manure and charcoal amendments. Plant and Soil 249, 343–357.
Liu, Z., Xie, W., Yang, Z., Huang, X., and Zhou, H. (2021). Effects of manure and chemical fertilizer on bacterial community structure and soil enzyme activities in North China. Agronomy 11, 10-17.
Mansoor, S., Kour, N., Manhas, S., Zahid, S., Wani, O. A., Sharma, V., Wijaya, L., Alyemeni, M.N., Alsahli, A.A., El-Serehy, H.A., and Ahmad, P. (2021). Biochar as a tool for effective management of drought and heavy metal toxicity. Chemosphere 271, 129-258.
Martey, E., and Kuwornu, J. K. (2021). Perceptions of climate variability and soil Fertility management choices among smallholder farmers in Northern Ghana. Ecological Economics 180, 106-170.
Nyambo, P., Taeni, T., Chiduza, C., and Araya, T. (2018). Effects of maize residue biochar amendments on soil properties and soil loss on acidic Hutton soil. Agronomy 8, 201 - 256. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8110256
Ozlu, E., Kumar, S., and Arriaga, F. J. (2019). Responses of long‐term cattle manure on soil physical and hydraulic properties under a corn–soybean rotation at two locations in eastern South Dakota. Soil Science Society of America Journal 83(5), 1459-1467.
Shariff, A., Mohamad Aziz, N. S., and Abdullah, N. (2016). Corn cob as a potential feedstock for slow pyrolysis of biomass. Journal of Physical Science 27, 123–137. https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2016.27.2.9
Shetty, R., Vidya, C. S.-N., Prakash, N. B., Lux, A., and Vaculík, M. (2021). Aluminum toxicity in plants and its possible mitigation in acid soils by biochar: A review. Science of The Total Environment 765, 142- 184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142744.
Siedt, M., Schäffer, A., Smith, K. E., Nabel, M., Roß-Nickoll, M., and van Dongen, J. T. (2021). Comparing straw, compost, and biochar regarding their suitability as agricultural soil amendments to affect soil structure, nutrient leaching, microbial communities, and the fate of pesticides. Science of the Total Environment 751, 141-207.
Tag, A. T., Duman, G., Ucar, S., and Yanik, J. (2016). Effects of feedstock type and pyrolysis temperature on potential applications of biochar. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 120, 200–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2016.05.006
Walkley, A., and Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science 37, 29-38.
Wamalwa, S. W., Danga, B. O., and Kwena, K. (2021). Effects of integrated soil fertility management practices on soil micronutrients and maize (Zea mays L.) Yields in Semi-Arid, Kenya. African Journal of Education, Science and Technology 6, 164-176.
Yacoubou, A. M., Zoumarou Wallis, N., Menkir, A., Zinsou, V. A., Onzo, A., Garcia‐Oliveira, A. L., Meseka, S., Wende, M., Gedil, M., and Agre, P. (2021). Breeding maize (Zea mays) for Striga resistance: past, current and prospects in sub-Saharan Africa. Plant Breeding 140, 195-210.
Yang, Q., Mašek, O., Zhao, L., Nan, H., Yu, S., Yin, J., and Cao, X. (2021). Country-level potential of carbon sequestration and environmental benefits by utilizing crop residues for biochar implementation. Applied Energy 282, 116-275.
Published
2022-06-27
Section
Articles
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