Water Footprint Analysis of Different Techniques of Cocoa Propagation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.10.03.153-165Keywords:
footprint assessment, grey water footprint, nursery management, seedling, sustainable productionAbstract
The nursery phase plays a crucial role in rejuvenating cocoa plantations as it significantly impacts the quality and productivity of the mature trees in the field. However, despite its significance, there remains a lack of understanding regarding its contribution to the water footprint (WF) in cocoa production. This study aims to assess the WF of various propagation techniques to promote sustainable nursery practices. Data on nurseries were collected at the Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute in Jember, East Java, Indonesia, from June 2017 to January 2018. The results revealed that propagation accounted for a total WF ranging from 74.28 to 319.41 m3.ha-1 of established cocoa trees, with an average of 186.68 m3. This total WF consisted of 9.02 to 12.89 m3 (7.69%) attributed to seed production and 61.39 to 283.34 m3 (92.30%) attributed to the nursery phase. Among the different nursery techniques studied, the production of true seedlings exhibited the lowest WF, followed by side grafting. To optimize cocoa rejuvenation and minimize WF, it is crucial to carefully select the appropriate nursery technique. Further evaluation is necessary to explore the potential benefits of implementing precision irrigation techniques to reduce WF during the nursery phase. By focusing on sustainable nursery practices, we can enhance the overall sustainability of cocoa production.
References
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Basri, Z. (2009). Evaluation on clonal propagation method on cocoa tree. Media Litbang Sulteng 2, 7-14.
Baharudin. (2011). “Improving Quality of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Seeds and Seedlings through Physiological and Biological Approaches”. [Thesis]. Graduate School of Agronomy and Horticulture. Bogor Agricultural University. Indonesia.
Calabrese, E. J., Kostecki, P. T., and Dragun, J. (2005). “Contaminated Soils, Sediments and Water: Science in the Real-World Vol. 9”. [611p]. Springer Science. Boston.
Carr, M. K. V., and Lockwood, G. (2011). The water relations and irrigation requirements of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.): A review. Experimental Agriculture 47, 653-676.
Comte, I., Colin, F., Whalen, J. K., Grünberger, O., and Caliman, J. P. (2012). Agricultural practices in oil palm plantations and their impact on hydrological changes, nutrient fluxes and water quality in Indonesia: A review. Advances in Agronomy 116, 71-124.
Coster, C. (1938). Superficial runoff and erosion in Java. Tectona 31, 613-728.
De Knecht, J., and van Herwijnen, R. (2008). “Environmental Risk Limits For Deltamethrin”. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment-Netherland”. RIVM Letter report 601716015/2008. [56p].
Durlinger, B., Koukouna, E., Broekema R., van Paassen, M., and Scholten, J. (2017). “Agri-footprint 3.0. Part 2: Description of Data.” Gourda NL. https://blonksustainability.nl/previous-versions-of-agri-footprint-methodology-reports [August 3, 2022].
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Franke, N. A., Boyacioglu, H., and Hoekstra, A. Y. (2013). “Grey Water Footprint Accounting: Tier 1 Supporting Guidelines. Value of Water Research Report Series No. 65”. [64 p]. UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, Netherlands.
Hoekstra, A. Y., Chapagain, A. K., Aldaya, M. M., and Mekonnen, M. M. (2011). “The Water Footprint Assessment Manual”. [203 p]. TJ International Ltd. Cornwall, UK.
ICCRI [Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute]. (2022). Sulawesi-01. https://iccri.net/product/klon-sulawesi-01-sk-mentan-no-694-kpts-sr-120-12-2008/ [August 3, 2022].
Imbach, A. C., Fassbender, H. W., Borel, J., Beer, J. and Bonnemann, A. (1989). Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and cocoa with poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica. Agroforestry Systems 8, 267-287.
Jacobson, A. R., Dousset, S., Andreux, F., and Baveye, P. C. (2007). Electron microprobe and synchrotron x-ray fluorescence mapping of the heterogeneous distribution of copper in high-copper vineyard soils. Environmental Science and Technology 41, 6343-6349.
Karmawati, E., Mahmud, Z., Syakir, M., Munarso, S.J., Ardana, I. K., and Rubiyo. (2010). “Cultivation and Cocoa Postharvest”. 92p. Center of Research and Development of Estate Plantation, Indonesia.
Kohler, M., Dierick, D., Schwendenmann, L., and Holscher, D. (2009). Water use characteristics of cocoa and Gliricidia trees in an agroforest in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Ecohydrology 2, 520-529.
Kumar, M., and Puri, A. (2012). A review of permissible limits of drinking water. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 16, 40-44.
Laliberté, B., and End, M. (2015). “Supplying New Cocoa Planting Material to Farmers: a Review of Propagation Methodologies”. 200pp. Biodiversity International.
Lockwood, R. (2015). Propagation by seeds In “Supplying New Cocoa Planting Material to Farmers: A Review of Propagation Methodologies” (B. Laliberté and M. End, eds.), pp. 12-33. Biodiversity International.
Martins, L. D., Eugino, F. E., Rodrigues, W. N., Tomaz, M. A., Santos, A. R., and Ramalho, J. C. (2018). Carbon and water footprints in Brazilian coffee plantations - the spatial and temporal distribution. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 30, 482-487.
Mekonnen, M. M., and Hoekstra, A. Y. (2015). Global grey water footprint and water pollution levels related to anthropogenic nitrogen loads to fresh water. Environmental Science and Technology 49, 12860-12868.
Moser, G., Leuschner, C., Hertel, D., Hölscher, D., Köhler, M., Leitner, D., Michalzik, B., Prihastanti, E., Tjitrosemito, S., and Schwendenmann, L. (2010). Response of cocoa trees (Theobroma cacao) to a 13-month desiccation period in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Agroforestry Systems 79, 171-187.
Naranjo-Merino, C. A., Rodriguez, O. O. O., and Gallardo, R. A. V. (2018). Assessing green and blue water footprints in the supply chain of cocoa production: a case study in the northeast of Colombia. Sustainability 10, 38.
Ong, C. N., Grandjean, A. C., and Heaney, R. P. (2009). The mineral composition of water and its contribution to calcium and magnesium intake. In “Calcium and Magnesium in Drinking Water” (J. Cotruvo and J. Bartram, eds.), pp 36-56. WHO, Spain.
Ortiz-Rodriguez, O. O., Naranjo, C. A., García-Caceres, R. G., and Villamizar-Gallardo, R. A. (2015). Water footprint assessment of the Colombian cocoa production. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 19, 823-828.
Owen. (2013). Chocolate science and technology. Journal of Food Science 72, 541-552.
Pasaribu, H., Mulyadi, A., and Tarumun, S. (2016). Water balance in oil palm plantation at PPKS unit Kalianta Kabun Riau. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 6, 99-113.
Permentan [Peraturan Menteri Pertanian]. (2014). Ministry of Agriculture Regulation No 48/Permentan/OT.140/4/2014 on Good Agriculture Practices on Cocoa. Berita Negara Republic of Indonesia No 516/2014.
Rahutomo, S., and Ginting, E. N. (2018). Leaching level of N, P, K, and Mg from application of several types of fertilizer. Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit 26, 37-47.
Rodriguez-Rubio, P., Morillo, E., Madrid, L., Undabeytia, T., and Maqueda, C. (2003). Retention of copper by a calcareous soil and its textural fractions: Influence of amendment with two agroindustrial residues. European Journal of Soil Science 54, 401-409.
Rohman, F., Wachjar, A., Santosa, E., and Abdoellah, S. (2019). Humic acid and biofertilizer applications enhanced pod and cocoa bean production during the dry season at Kaliwining Plantation, Jember, East Java, Indonesia. Journal of Tropical Crop Science 6, 153-163.
Rosmana, A. (2006). Vascular streak dieback (VSD): new diseases on cocoa tree in Sulawesi In “Proceeding Science Seminar and Annual Meeting PEI and PFI XVI Sul-Sel”. [pp 1-7] https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/77626675.pdf [August 3, 2022].
Rubiyo, and Siswanto. (2012). Improvement and development production of cocoa in Indonesia. Buletin Ristri 3, 33-48.
Shafi, F., Reshi, M., Aiman, and Bashir, I. (2018). Chocolate processing. Internat. Journal of Advanced Biological Research 8, 408-419.
Santosa, E., Sakti, G. P., Fattah, M. Z., Zaman, S., and Wachjar, A. (2018a). Cocoa production stability in relation to changing rainfall and temperature in East Java, Indonesia. Journal of Tropical Crop Science 5, 6-17.
Santosa, E., Stefano, I. M., Tarigan, A. G., Wachjar, A., Zaman, S., and Agusta, H. (2018b). Tree-based water footprint assessment on established oil palm plantation in North Sumatera, Indonesia. Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia 46, 111-118.
Saputra, A. (2015). Factors affecting cocoa production in Muaro Jambi District. Jurnal Penelitian Universitas Jambi Seri Sains 17, 1-8.
Siagian, I. P. S., Siagian B., and Ginting, J. (2014). Growth of cocoa seedling (Theobroma cacao L.) from the application of NPK and biofertilizers. Online Agroteknologi 2, 447-459.
Strawn, D. G., and Baker, L. L. (2008). Speciation of Cu in contaminated agricultural soil measured by XAFS, μ-XAFS and μ-XRF. Environmental Science and Technology 42, 37-42.
Tresliyana, A., Fariyanti, A., and Rifin, A. (2015). Comparative advantage of Indonesian cocoa in international market. Jurnal Manajemen dan Agribisnis 12, 150-162.
Wiryadiputra, S. (2013). Pesticide residue on Indonesian cocoa beans and its variant products, and the efforts to solve the problem. Review Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao 1, 39-61.
Zygmunt, J. (2007). "Hidden Waters - A Waterwise Briefing." www.waterwise.org.uk [May 15, 2018].
EAA (Environment Agency Austria). (2017). “Production of Ammonia, Nitric Acid, Urea and N-Fertilizer.” Unweltbundesamt, Vienna. https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/themen/industrie/ammonia_nitric_acid_urea_and_fertiliser_installation2_production.pdf [August 3, 2022]
ICCO (International Cocoa Organization). (2018). Production of cocoa beans. ICCO Quarterly Bulletin. Cocoa Statistics 44, Cocoa Year 2017/18. ICCO. [105p]
ICCRI (Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute- Pusat Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao Indonesia). (2010). “Smart Book in Cocoa Cultivation”. [298p]. AgroMedia Pustaka. Jakarta.
IPOA (Indonesia Palm Oil Association). (2017). “Oil Palm Plantation: Water Efficiency and Soil Water Resources.” https://gapki.id/news/2027/perkebunan-kelapa-sawit-hemat-air-dan-lestarikan-cadangan-air-tanah. [August 3, 2022].
Allen, R.G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D., and Smith, M. (1998). “Crop Evapotranspiration: Guidelines For Computing Crop Water Requirements”. 56 pp. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Irrigation and Drainage. Paper 56, Rome, Italy.
Basri, Z. (2009). Evaluation on clonal propagation method on cocoa tree. Media Litbang Sulteng 2, 7-14.
Baharudin. (2011). “Improving Quality of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Seeds and Seedlings through Physiological and Biological Approaches”. [Thesis]. Graduate School of Agronomy and Horticulture. Bogor Agricultural University. Indonesia.
Calabrese, E. J., Kostecki, P. T., and Dragun, J. (2005). “Contaminated Soils, Sediments and Water: Science in the Real-World Vol. 9”. [611p]. Springer Science. Boston.
Carr, M. K. V., and Lockwood, G. (2011). The water relations and irrigation requirements of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.): A review. Experimental Agriculture 47, 653-676.
Comte, I., Colin, F., Whalen, J. K., Grünberger, O., and Caliman, J. P. (2012). Agricultural practices in oil palm plantations and their impact on hydrological changes, nutrient fluxes and water quality in Indonesia: A review. Advances in Agronomy 116, 71-124.
Coster, C. (1938). Superficial runoff and erosion in Java. Tectona 31, 613-728.
De Knecht, J., and van Herwijnen, R. (2008). “Environmental Risk Limits For Deltamethrin”. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment-Netherland”. RIVM Letter report 601716015/2008. [56p].
Durlinger, B., Koukouna, E., Broekema R., van Paassen, M., and Scholten, J. (2017). “Agri-footprint 3.0. Part 2: Description of Data.” Gourda NL. https://blonksustainability.nl/previous-versions-of-agri-footprint-methodology-reports [August 3, 2022].
Fahmid, I. M., Harun, H., Fahmid, M.M., Saadah, and Busthanul, N. (2018). Competitiveness, production, and productivity of cocoa in Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 157, 012067.
Franke, N. A., Boyacioglu, H., and Hoekstra, A. Y. (2013). “Grey Water Footprint Accounting: Tier 1 Supporting Guidelines. Value of Water Research Report Series No. 65”. [64 p]. UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, Netherlands.
Hoekstra, A. Y., Chapagain, A. K., Aldaya, M. M., and Mekonnen, M. M. (2011). “The Water Footprint Assessment Manual”. [203 p]. TJ International Ltd. Cornwall, UK.
ICCRI [Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute]. (2022). Sulawesi-01. https://iccri.net/product/klon-sulawesi-01-sk-mentan-no-694-kpts-sr-120-12-2008/ [August 3, 2022].
Imbach, A. C., Fassbender, H. W., Borel, J., Beer, J. and Bonnemann, A. (1989). Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and cocoa with poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica. Agroforestry Systems 8, 267-287.
Jacobson, A. R., Dousset, S., Andreux, F., and Baveye, P. C. (2007). Electron microprobe and synchrotron x-ray fluorescence mapping of the heterogeneous distribution of copper in high-copper vineyard soils. Environmental Science and Technology 41, 6343-6349.
Karmawati, E., Mahmud, Z., Syakir, M., Munarso, S.J., Ardana, I. K., and Rubiyo. (2010). “Cultivation and Cocoa Postharvest”. 92p. Center of Research and Development of Estate Plantation, Indonesia.
Kohler, M., Dierick, D., Schwendenmann, L., and Holscher, D. (2009). Water use characteristics of cocoa and Gliricidia trees in an agroforest in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Ecohydrology 2, 520-529.
Kumar, M., and Puri, A. (2012). A review of permissible limits of drinking water. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 16, 40-44.
Laliberté, B., and End, M. (2015). “Supplying New Cocoa Planting Material to Farmers: a Review of Propagation Methodologies”. 200pp. Biodiversity International.
Lockwood, R. (2015). Propagation by seeds In “Supplying New Cocoa Planting Material to Farmers: A Review of Propagation Methodologies” (B. Laliberté and M. End, eds.), pp. 12-33. Biodiversity International.
Martins, L. D., Eugino, F. E., Rodrigues, W. N., Tomaz, M. A., Santos, A. R., and Ramalho, J. C. (2018). Carbon and water footprints in Brazilian coffee plantations - the spatial and temporal distribution. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 30, 482-487.
Mekonnen, M. M., and Hoekstra, A. Y. (2015). Global grey water footprint and water pollution levels related to anthropogenic nitrogen loads to fresh water. Environmental Science and Technology 49, 12860-12868.
Moser, G., Leuschner, C., Hertel, D., Hölscher, D., Köhler, M., Leitner, D., Michalzik, B., Prihastanti, E., Tjitrosemito, S., and Schwendenmann, L. (2010). Response of cocoa trees (Theobroma cacao) to a 13-month desiccation period in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Agroforestry Systems 79, 171-187.
Naranjo-Merino, C. A., Rodriguez, O. O. O., and Gallardo, R. A. V. (2018). Assessing green and blue water footprints in the supply chain of cocoa production: a case study in the northeast of Colombia. Sustainability 10, 38.
Ong, C. N., Grandjean, A. C., and Heaney, R. P. (2009). The mineral composition of water and its contribution to calcium and magnesium intake. In “Calcium and Magnesium in Drinking Water” (J. Cotruvo and J. Bartram, eds.), pp 36-56. WHO, Spain.
Ortiz-Rodriguez, O. O., Naranjo, C. A., García-Caceres, R. G., and Villamizar-Gallardo, R. A. (2015). Water footprint assessment of the Colombian cocoa production. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 19, 823-828.
Owen. (2013). Chocolate science and technology. Journal of Food Science 72, 541-552.
Pasaribu, H., Mulyadi, A., and Tarumun, S. (2016). Water balance in oil palm plantation at PPKS unit Kalianta Kabun Riau. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 6, 99-113.
Permentan [Peraturan Menteri Pertanian]. (2014). Ministry of Agriculture Regulation No 48/Permentan/OT.140/4/2014 on Good Agriculture Practices on Cocoa. Berita Negara Republic of Indonesia No 516/2014.
Rahutomo, S., and Ginting, E. N. (2018). Leaching level of N, P, K, and Mg from application of several types of fertilizer. Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit 26, 37-47.
Rodriguez-Rubio, P., Morillo, E., Madrid, L., Undabeytia, T., and Maqueda, C. (2003). Retention of copper by a calcareous soil and its textural fractions: Influence of amendment with two agroindustrial residues. European Journal of Soil Science 54, 401-409.
Rohman, F., Wachjar, A., Santosa, E., and Abdoellah, S. (2019). Humic acid and biofertilizer applications enhanced pod and cocoa bean production during the dry season at Kaliwining Plantation, Jember, East Java, Indonesia. Journal of Tropical Crop Science 6, 153-163.
Rosmana, A. (2006). Vascular streak dieback (VSD): new diseases on cocoa tree in Sulawesi In “Proceeding Science Seminar and Annual Meeting PEI and PFI XVI Sul-Sel”. [pp 1-7] https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/77626675.pdf [August 3, 2022].
Rubiyo, and Siswanto. (2012). Improvement and development production of cocoa in Indonesia. Buletin Ristri 3, 33-48.
Shafi, F., Reshi, M., Aiman, and Bashir, I. (2018). Chocolate processing. Internat. Journal of Advanced Biological Research 8, 408-419.
Santosa, E., Sakti, G. P., Fattah, M. Z., Zaman, S., and Wachjar, A. (2018a). Cocoa production stability in relation to changing rainfall and temperature in East Java, Indonesia. Journal of Tropical Crop Science 5, 6-17.
Santosa, E., Stefano, I. M., Tarigan, A. G., Wachjar, A., Zaman, S., and Agusta, H. (2018b). Tree-based water footprint assessment on established oil palm plantation in North Sumatera, Indonesia. Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia 46, 111-118.
Saputra, A. (2015). Factors affecting cocoa production in Muaro Jambi District. Jurnal Penelitian Universitas Jambi Seri Sains 17, 1-8.
Siagian, I. P. S., Siagian B., and Ginting, J. (2014). Growth of cocoa seedling (Theobroma cacao L.) from the application of NPK and biofertilizers. Online Agroteknologi 2, 447-459.
Strawn, D. G., and Baker, L. L. (2008). Speciation of Cu in contaminated agricultural soil measured by XAFS, μ-XAFS and μ-XRF. Environmental Science and Technology 42, 37-42.
Tresliyana, A., Fariyanti, A., and Rifin, A. (2015). Comparative advantage of Indonesian cocoa in international market. Jurnal Manajemen dan Agribisnis 12, 150-162.
Wiryadiputra, S. (2013). Pesticide residue on Indonesian cocoa beans and its variant products, and the efforts to solve the problem. Review Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao 1, 39-61.
Zygmunt, J. (2007). "Hidden Waters - A Waterwise Briefing." www.waterwise.org.uk [May 15, 2018].
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Published
2023-10-29
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Santosa, E., Supijatno, S., Wachjar, A., Rohman, F., & Abdoellah, S. (2023). Water Footprint Analysis of Different Techniques of Cocoa Propagation. Journal of Tropical Crop Science, 10(03), 153–165. https://doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.10.03.153-165
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