Journal of Tropical Crop Science Welcome to the online submission and editorial system of the Journal of Tropical Crop Science. The Journal of Tropical Crop Science (JTCS; p-ISSN: 2356-0169 e-ISSN: 2356 -0177 ) is an open-access and international peer-reviewed journal articles reporting research findings in in-vivo and in-vitro crop production and management in tropical conditions. The topics include studies on crop breeding, seed technology, physiology, postharvest, pest, and pathology of tropical cereals, vegetables, fruits, ornamentals, medicinal and plantation crops, soil, landscape, turf, and agroecology management. Our open access policy allows immediate free access to the articles and permits any user to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles. JTCS is published by the Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB University, Indonesia. We accept submissions from researchers worldwide. Our Editorial Board members are prominent and active international researchers in agriculture, horticulture, and biosciences. All accepted articles will be published upon payment of an article-processing charge and will be freely available to all readers with worldwide visibility and coverage. JTCS has been indexed/registered in SCOPUS as of 20 March 2024 (SJR rating in progress), GOOGLE SCHOLAR, ASCI (Asian Science Citation Index), AGRIS FAO, and WORLD CATALOGUE LIBRARY. Journal of Tropical Crop Science accepts the following types of paper 1. Original research papers 2. Review articles 3. Short Communications Original research papers should report the results of original research. The material should not have been previously published elsewhere. Review articles should cover a part of the subject active current interest. They may be submitted or invited. Original research paper and review articles should have a maximum of 8,000 words, including figures and tables. Short Communications include the report of preliminary research results, newly developed methodology or modification of existing methodology, and results of the application of an earlier published research methodology on other crops or under different conditions. Short communications should be as completely documented, both by reference to the literature and description of the experimental procedures employed, as a regular research paper with a maximum of 2000 words, with a maximum of three tables or figures, and up to 20 references. PRINTED ISSN: 2356-0169 ELECTRONIC ISSN: 2356-0177 The Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University JOURNALS: Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia Jurnal Hortikultura Indonesia Journal of Tropical Crop Science Preservation of access to the Journal of Tropical Science content
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Boosting Soybean Growth: The Role of Soil Moisture Conservation Technique and Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae in Limpopo Province, South Africa
Low soil fertility and moisture stress are the primary factors affecting soybean productivity. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) and soil moisture conservation techniques on the performance of a promiscuous soybean variety during the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 growing seasons. Two levels of soil moisture conservation techniques (flat and closed ridges) and two levels of VAM (0 and 100 kg.ha-1) were arranged in a split-plot design within a completely randomized block design with four replications. The data collected include growth, physiological, grain yield, and yield attributes of the promiscuous soybean variety. Sole application of soil moisture conservation techniques (SMCT) and VAM showed no significant influence (p>0.05) on the number of leaves, plant height, andnumber of branches of the promiscuous soybean variety. Soil moisture conservation techniques showed significant differences (p<0.05) in pod length. The interaction effect between soil moisture conservation techniques and the application of VAM had a significant impact on plant vigor (0.75), while non-significant variations were observed in the number of branches (5.31), plant height, and the number of leaves (20.81). The interaction effect of soil moisture conservation techniques and VAM was significant (p<0.05) on shelling percentage, while a non-significant difference was observed in grain yield (1382.7 kg.ha-1). Flat planting and nonVAM application had a higher shelling percentage (40.53%). The study demonstrated that flat planting, in combination with VAM, improved plant vigor under moisture-limited conditions. Flat planting can be recommended for soybean production at Syferkuil farm in Limpopo province.
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Inducing Drought Stress Tolerance during Germination by Micronutrient Seed Priming and Coating of Maize (Zea mays L.)
Drought is a significant abiotic stress that affects the germination of many crops, including maize. Improvement in seed quality and tolerance to drought stress can be induced through seed priming and coating. This research aimed to study the effect of priming and coating on maize seed germination under drought conditions. The experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement and four replications. The main plot was drought stress level: control, and 10% PEG. The subplot was seed enhancement treatments, which consisted of untreated, hydropriming, osmopriming, priming with 6 mM Si, 0.075 mM Se + 10 mM Zn, 6 mM Si + 0.075 Se + 10 mM Zn, 0.8 mM melatonin, seed coating 1% NaAlg, P9: seed coating + 0.732 g Si.kg-1 seed, P10: seed coating + 0.014 g Se + 2.875 g Zn.kg-1 seed, P11: seed coating + 0.732 g Si + 0.014 g Se + 2.875 g Zn.kg-1 seed, and P12: seed coating + 0.186 g melatonin.kg-1 seed. The result showed that seed priming 0.075 mM Se + 10 mM Zn, priming 6 mM Si + 0.075 mM Se + 10 mM Zn, and seed coating + 0.732 g Si + 0.014 g Se + 2.875 g Zn.kg-1 seed improved maize seed germination under drought stress based on germination percentage, speed of germination, root dry weight, seedling dry weight, and seedling growth rate. Seed priming or coating with micronutrients such as silicon, selenium, and zinc could serve as an effective treatment to enhance germination of maize under drought conditions.
Growth Dynamics of Young Avocado (Persea americana Mill) Plants under Drought Stress in Potted Condition
Drought stress significantly influences plant metabolic processes, including overall vegetative growth and the transition from the vegetative to the generative phase. Under changing environmental conditions, plants adapt through specific mechanisms to survive unfavorable circumstances, including a reduction in the juvenile phase. This study aimed to examine the effects of drought stress on the growth dynamics of young avocado plants. The experiment consisted of three treatment levels: routine watering as the control (P1), drought stress for 8 weeks (P2), and drought stress for 16 weeks (P3). The 8 week drought stress did not significantly reduce the number of leaves or increase the number of vegetative buds; however, one plant produced flowers at week 33. The drought stress for 16 weeks (P3) significantly reduced the number of leaves but did not affect branch length. Instead, it increased the number of vegetative buds per branch at 16 and 24 weeks after treatment (WAT). Drought stressed plants exhibited a compensatory growth mechanism following rewatering, as demonstrated by an increase in the number of leaves and vegetative buds at 24 WAT.
Improvement of Soil Properties through Farmyard Manure and Lime for Barley Productivity in Acidic Hot Spot Areas of Ethiopia
The experiment was conducted to enhance barley productivity and improve soil properties in acid hotspots areas by applying farmyard manure and varying lime rates in the northwestern Amhara region, Ethiopia. The experiment comprised the combination of three levels of farmyard manure (0, 2, and 4 t.ha-1) and four levels of lime (0, 25, 50, and 100%) with one plot containing 92% N from urea and 69% P2O5 from TSP which was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on soil physico-chemical properties and yield components of barley were collected and subjected to ANOVA. The individual application of farmyard manure and lime had a significant impact on the yield components of barley. Similarly, soil properties changed slightly under the treatments compared to the soil before planting. Sole application of 4 t.ha-1 farmyard manure and 100% lime ( 8.8 t.ha-1) gives the highest grain and above-ground biomass yield (1.7 and 3.5 t.ha-1) and (1.6 and 3.1 t.ha-1), respectively, than the control and the pilot treatments. Similarly, the application of sole 4 t.ha-1 scored the highest plant height (72.9 cm) compared to the control and pilot treatments. To achieve the highest net benefit within a short period, applying 4 t.ha-1 and 25% (2.2 t.ha-1) can be preferable for yield improvement in the study area and similar agro-ecological environments.
Morphological Responses and Productivity of Indigofera (Indigofera zollingeriana) with Varied Fertilization in Limestone Post-mining Land
Indigofera is a protein-rich plant source for ruminants, with potential for introduction to marginal lands, such as limestone post-mining areas, through integration with reclamation activities. This study aims to determine the response of varying levels of organic fertilizer and NPK on the morphology and productivity of Indigofera zollingeriana introduced to limestone post-mining. The study employed a randomized block design with a 3 × 4 factorial pattern and four replications. The first factor was organic fertilizer at the rates of 0, 5, and 10 tons.ha-1, and the second factor was NPK, 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg.ha-1. Indigofera was planted in a 3 x 4 m2 plot with a 1 m planting distance and harvested four times. The results showed that the combination of organic fertilizer with NPK affected (p<0.05) the morphology, biomass production, and nutrient profile. The combination of 10 tons.ha-1 of organic fertilizer and 100 kg.ha-1 NPK optimally produced plant with up to 217.64 cm height, 18.28 tons.ha-1 fresh production per harvest, 4.96 tons.ha-1 dry matter per harvest, 28.78% crude protein, and 72.47% total digestible nutrient. Biomass production decreased in the dry season (third harvest). Conclusively, the combination of 10 tons.ha-1 organic fertilizer and 100 kg.ha-1 NPK produced Indigofera plants with optimum plant height, biomass production, crude protein, and total digestible nutrients. Indigofera plants can be utilized as revegetation plants and as a source of green fodder on limestone post-mining land.
Growth Diversity, Total Phenol, and Flavonoid of Various Cayenne Pepper (Capsicum frutescens) Genotypes Under Shading Stress
The study of adaptation mechanisms in cayenne pepper under shade stress is crucial for further exploration. Cayenne pepper is one of the primary commodities that play an essential role in the agricultural industry. This research focuses on the adaptation of morphological, physiological, and secondary metabolite characteristics of cayenne pepper under shading treatments, while also examining the role of microclimate on these characteristics. The study was conducted from August 2023 to February 2024 at the Leuwikopo experimental field of Bogor Agricultural University, using five genotypes of cayenne pepper cultivated under two shading treatments: 0% and 50% shading, achieved using shade netting. The results showed that among the five genotypes tested, shade-loving genotypes, such as “Bonita,” and shade-tolerant genotypes, like “Ori 212,” displayed a greater morphological response in terms of plant height and canopy width under 50% shade compared to the other genotypes. In terms of yield traits, shade-tolerant genotypes, such as “Ori 212”, exhibited the highest fruit weight per plant under a 50% shading treatment compared to the other genotypes. Regarding physiological responses, specifically pigment content, no significant effect of shading treatment was observed. However, in terms of secondary metabolite content, all genotypes responded by increasing total phenol and flavonoid levels when grown in unshaded conditions or under full light intensity. This study provides insights into the adaptive responses of various cayenne pepper genotypes to microclimatic conditions in their growing environment.
Evaluation of Biomass Yield and Nutritional Composition of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Varieties Grown in Lowland Areas of Eastern Amhara, Ethiopia
This study was conducted to identify the best performing soybean varieties for biomass yield, chemical composition, haulm and seed yield, and other agronomic characteristics under rain-fed conditions in the lowland areas of Eastern Amhara, Ethiopia. The experiment took place at three locations: Jari, Chefa, and Sirinka. A randomized complete block design with three replications was employed. Twelve released soybean varieties “Afgat”, “Belesa-95”, “Boshe”, “Cheri”, “Dhidhessa”, “Gishama”, “Gizo”, “Korme”, “Pawe-03”, “Katta”, “Wegayen”, and “Wollo” served as treatments. Seeds were sown with a spacing of 40 cm between rows and 10 cm between plants. Each plot measured 3.2 m × 4 m, with 0.5 m and 1 m separating plots and blocks, respectively. Combined analyses across Jari and Sirinka indicated that the varieties “Afgat”, “Gishama”, “Gizo”, “Pawe-03”, “Wegayen”, and “Wollo” produced higher dry matter yields than others. “Gishama”, “Gizo”, “Pawe-03”, and “Wegayen” also had superior haulm yields. For seed yield, “Pawe-03”, “Gizo”, “Afgat”, “Gishama”, “Wollo”, and “Wegayen” outperformed the other varieties. Notably, the “Wollo” variety exhibited the highest protein content at both Jari and Sirinka. Based on these results, “Afgat”, “Pawe-03”, and “Wollo” are recommended for cultivation in the Jari, Chefa, and Sirinka zones. These varieties demonstrate strong potential for delivering high dry matter, haulm, and seed yields, as well as providing a valuable protein supplement for ruminants. Further research is recommended to investigate their optimal application in livestock feeding systems.
Grafting-Induced Phenotypic and Genomic Variations in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) through Interspecific Compatibility with M. Glaziovi
Grafting is a promising approach to enhance cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) productivity, particularly in improving tuber yield and quality. Despite its technical simplicity, research on the morphological and molecular consequences of grafting in cassava is limited. This study aimed to quantitatively assess phenotypic differences between grafted and shoot cutting plants and characterize genetic modifications in shoot apical meristems near the graft union. Three splice-grafting combinations were evaluated: M. glaziovii (cv. "Karet")/"Revita RV1" (KR), "Karet"/ "Carvita 25" (KC), and "Carvita 25"/ "Revita RV1" (CR), alongside shoot-cutting plants of each cultivar. Grafted seedlings and conventional cuttings were transplanted to the field, and growth was monitored up to five months after grafting (5 MAG). Shoot bud samples were collected for RAPD analysis at three months (3 MAG). Grafted plants showed differences in morphology compared to controls, especially in branching architecture, branch angle, stem diameter, and internode length. However, the overall plant form and primary stem type remained stable. The color of emerging shoots consistently reflected their genotypic origin, like scion or rootstock, as did the shoot buds nearest the graft union. RAPD analysis using multiple primers revealed polymorphic banding patterns, with OPE-12 producing the most diverse profiles. While specific bands were associated with each cultivar, grafted regenerants often exhibited altered or novel band profiles, suggesting somaclonal variation or graft-induced genetic/epigenetic changes. Some regenerants displayed unexpected band types, such as C1 in R-KR1 and R-KR3, which were absent from their known parental genotypes. Cluster analysis grouped 45 samples into five major clusters and eight subgroups, indicating genetic divergence among certain grafted combinations, particularly "Carvita 25"–"Revita RV1" and M. glaziovii–"Revita RV1". These results demonstrate that grafting can significantly impact cassava phenotype and genome stability. This study shows that interspecific grafting between cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and M. glaziovii can induce significant phenotypic and genomic variations.
Plant Growth, Nitrogen Content, Nitrogen Uptake, and Seed Quality in Six Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc) Landraces
Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc) is recognized for its nutritional benefits and ability to improve soil fertility through nitrogen fixation. This study evaluated growth performance, nitrogen dynamics, and seed quality across six landraces: Tasikmalaya, Sukabumi, Sumedang, Small Sumedang, Bogor, and Gresik. The experiment was conducted at IPB University’s Sawah Baru experimental field from July 2022 to March 2023. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with four replications. The measured variables were petiole length, number of petioles, number of leaves, leaf greenness, plant dry weight, nitrogen content, nitrogen uptake in roots, petioles, leaves, and pods, protein content in pods, and seed quality. Results showed significant variation among landraces. Gresik exhibited superior vegetative growth and dry biomass, while Tasikmalaya had the highest pod nitrogen (4.58%) and protein content (28.03%), indicating efficient nitrogen assimilation. Nitrogen analysis revealed distinct uptake patterns across landraces, particularly with Gresik, where a rapid increase in nitrogen suggests that this landrace is well-suited to environments where nitrogen is efficiently fixed and mobilized toward reproductive growth. Sukabumi and Bogor showed the highest germination rates (94%), and Bogor and Gresik had the highest vigor indices (76% and 72%). Overall, Gresik is recommended for balanced performance in growth and seed vigor, while Tasikmalaya is optimal for protein yield and nitrogen use efficiency.
Transforming Tropical Crops: Postharvest Processing and Enterprise Viability of MaCoMa Coffee Blend in Davao Oriental, Philippines
This study explored the development of a novel, non-caffeinated coffee alternative using underutilized tropical crops: marang seeds (Artocarpus odoratissimus), corn (Zea mays), and malunggay (Moringa oleifera) leaves. These crops are abundant in tropical regions, such as Banaybanay, Davao Oriental, Philippines, yet remain largely untapped for value-added food products. Marang, a seasonal fruit native to the Philippines, yields seeds rich in protein, fats, and carbohydrates, which are often discarded as waste. Corn, widely cultivated in the region, contributes dietary fiber and antioxidants, while malunggay leaves are celebrated for their dense micronutrient content, including iron, calcium, and vitamins A and C. The MaCoMa (Marang + Corn + Malunggay) coffee blend was formulated through strategic post-harvest processing techniques, including roasting, drying, and blending, to enhance flavor, preserve nutrients, and extend shelf life. The research evaluated both scientific parameters, such as nutritional profiling and sensory attributes (appearance, aroma, taste, and texture), as well as business viability factors, including consumer acceptability and financial metrics. A sensory evaluation conducted with 200 respondents revealed high levels of acceptability, particularly in terms of aroma and taste. Economic analysis indicated a Return on Investment (ROI) of 7.84%, a net profit margin of 6.86%, and a payback period of 1.5 years, evidence of strong enterprise potential. A SWOT analysis highlighted key strengths, including local availability, nutritional benefits, affordability, and sustainability, while also noting challenges such as limited market awareness and shelf-life constraints. This project demonstrates the potential of transforming tropical crops into market ready products that support community-based enterprises. The MaCoMa coffee blend offers a healthier alternative to conventional coffee, promotes agricultural innovation, reduces postharvest waste, and creates livelihood opportunities. Continued research into flavor variants, shelf-life stabilization, and regional marketing is recommended to scale its impact across tropical agricultural communities.
Chili Yields, Nutrient Use, and Water Use Efficiency under Precision Fertigation at Different Plant Density and Drip Irrigation Lines
The study aimed to evaluate the effects of irrigation line number and plant density on the growth and yield of curly red chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cv. Tangguh. The study was conducted from August 2023 to January 2024 at the Cikarawang Experimental Station of IPB University (6°32’56” S; 106°43’54” E; 240 m above sea level) on Ultisol characterized by severely low phosphorus (1.1 ppm) and high potassium content (66 ppm). A split-plot design within a randomized complete block design was employed, with irrigation line number (single or double drip lines per bed) as the main plot and four planting densities (26,666, 53,322, 80,000, and 106,666 plants.ha-1) as subplots. Each treatment was replicated three times, resulting in 24 plots (each 1.5 m × 10 m). Fertilizers applied included Urea (45% N), SP-36 (36% P2O5 ), cattle manure, dolomite, biofertilizers (Trichoderma spp.), and PGPR. Irrigation and fertigation were managed using the Nutrigads automatic drip system. The data collected included plant growth, yield components, nutrient use efficiency, water use efficiency, and partial factor productivity for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). The results showed that the irrigation line number had no significant effect on individual plant growth parameters. However, using double lines significantly increased total fruit yield per bed and hectare, indicating its contribution to overall productivity. Conversely, the double line system reduced water use efficiency (WUE = 2.07 kg.mm-1) compared to the single line system (WUE = 3.64 kg.mm-1; P<0.0001). Higher planting densities (up to 106,666 plants.ha-1) enhanced total yield by promoting vertical growth but reduced individual plant performance, and had a positive effect on WUE, NUE, and PUE.
Morphophysiological Study of Kecapi (Sandoricum koetjape Merr.) Seedlings Against Different Artificial Light Spectra and Intensities
Kecapi (Sandoricum koetjape Merr.) is a tropical fruit species that belongs to the Meliaceae family. Kecapi trees require 5-7 years to produce fruit when grown from seeds, necessitating efforts to accelerate their growth, including through the modification of light. This research aimed to study kecapi’s morphological, physiological, and anatomical responses to light spectra and intensities from light-emitting diodes. The experiment was designed using a two-factor, completely randomized design (CRD), namely LED light spectrum (white and purple) and light intensity (2 and 4 lights). The result showed that morphological and vegetative growth were significantly affected under the high-intensity purple LED treatment. The low-intensity purple LED treatment increased stomatal conductance and chlorophyll-b synthesis. The transpiration rate was highest under the high intensity white LED treatment. Low-intensity white LED treatment only increased the abaxial stomatal aperture. As the intensity increased, it also increased N-Total content but decreased micronutrient levels in the leaves.
Enhancing Postharvest Quality of Cavendish Bananas (Musa acuminata) with Lactobacillus sp.
Cavendish bananas are among the most widely cultivated and consumed varieties worldwide, valued for their sweetness, texture, and versatility. However, postharvest diseases, particularly crown rot caused by Fusarium and Colletotrichum spp., present significant challenges, resulting in substantial losses in both quality and yield. Traditional management relies on synthetic chemicals, such as prochloraz and calcium hypochlorite; however, concerns over pesticide residues, environmental impact, and consumer preference for low-chemical produce have driven the search for safer alternatives. Lactic acid bacteria, particularly Lactobacillus sp., have shown promise in agriculture due to their ability to produce organic acids, such as lactic acid, which suppress pathogens and enhance fruit quality. This study investigated the efficacy of Lactobacillus sp. as a postharvest treatment for Cavendish bananas, comparing it with conventional chemical treatments. The main objectives were to evaluate fruit quality, crown rot incidence, sensory attributes, and economic viability. Results demonstrated that bananas treated with Lactobacillus sp. (10 ml.L-1 water) achieved a high select quality (SQ) rating of 94.25%, closely comparable to 94.65% observed in synthetic chemical-treated fruits. Untreated bananas and those treated with calcium hypochlorite exhibited lower quality and a higher incidence of crown rot. Sensory evaluation revealed no significant differences in odor, aroma, flavor, texture, or overall acceptability across treatments, indicating that Lactobacillus sp. does not compromise sensory qualities. Economic analysis further highlighted the benefits of this biological treatment, with Lactobacillus sp. yielding the highest return on investment (61.7%), outperforming synthetic chemicals at 37.5% ROI. These findings highlight Lactobacillus sp. as a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to traditional fungicides, offering comparable fruit quality and profitability while reducing chemical reliance. This approach aligns with consumer demand for low-chemical produce, particularly in markets such as Japan, and supports environmentally sustainable postharvest disease management.
Growth and Yield Response of Superior Rice Varieties under Different Biofertilizer Rates in Lowland Rice Fields
Efforts to increase rice productivity through a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach are using biofertilizers. The biofertilizer contains beneficial microorganisms that play an essential role in promoting plant growth and increasing rice yield. This study aimed to investigate the potential of biofertilizers and evaluate the performance of superior rice varieties by applying several rates of biofertilizers in lowland rice fields for enhancing growth and yield. A split-plot design was laid out using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot consisted of superior rice varieties, including “Inpari 30”, “Inpari 32”, “Inpari 36”, and “Inpari 42”, while the subplot involved biofertilizer rates of 0, 400, and 800 g.ha-1. The utilization of biofertilizer contributed to the improvement of seedling height and root length. Applying biofertilizer increased plant height, panicle length, the number of grains per panicle, the number of filled grains per panicle, and the percentage of f illed grains, while decreasing the number of unfilled grains per panicle. The application of biofertilizer at a rate of 400 g.ha-1 significantly improved grain yields for “Inpari 30”, “Inpari 32”, and “Inpari 36”. However, “Inpari 42” required a higher biofertilizer rate of 800 g.ha-1 to produce high grain yields. The grain yield of superior rice varieties increased by 10%-21.6% with the application of biofertilizer. The findings of this study may provide recommendations for applying biofertilizers to enhance grain yields of several superior rice varieties in specific lowland rice field agroecosystems.
Analysis of the Morphology and Secondary Metabolite Content of Several Katuk (Sauropus androgynus) Accessions
Katuk (Sauropus androgynus) is a species valued for its nutritional and medicinal properties, as well as its potential applications in food, herbal medicine, livestock feed, and cosmetics. This study aimed to evaluate the morphological diversity and secondary metabolite profiles of four katuk accessions. Two analyses were conducted: (1) morphological characterization using cluster analysis and (2) qualitative and quantitative assessment of secondary metabolites. Cluster analysis revealed that all accessions showed high similarity with the “Paris”, an accession widely grown in West Java, Indonesia (similarity coefficient = 1.00), and moderate similarity with accessions “K1”, “K2”, “K4”, “Bastar”, and “Zanzibar” (distance coefficient = 0.68). Metabolite profiling indicated variations in compound abundance among accessions. “Ciaruteun Ilir 1” exhibited the highest vitamin E content; “Ciaruteun Ilir 2” had the highest fatty acid and phenolic content; “Pager Jangkung 1” accumulated the most flavonoids, while “Pager Jangkung 2” contained the most terpenoids and carboxylic acids. The leaves of katuk accessions in this study contains 14-17% squalene; this is an important finding for the pharmaceutical and health industries.
Genetic Variability, Heritability, Genetic Advance, Correlation, and Path-Coefficient Analysis for Yield Attributing Traits in Chia (Salvia hispanica L.)
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a promising multifunctional crop renowned for its numerous health benefits. It is essential to comprehend the genetic variability of chia and how various variables impact seed yield to increase its genetic improvement under the agro climatic conditions of Bangladesh. A field experiment was conducted using eight chia genotypes to assess genetic diversity, heritability, and genetic advance (GA), as well as the correlation coefficients for eight factors and their level of association with yield. Analysis of variance results showed significant variation for all the traits, i.e., the number of branches per plant, the number of inflorescences per plant, the length of the main inflorescence, the number of seeds per floret, and seed yield per plant, which differed significantly from one another. GPBC 1, BAU Chia 2, BAU Chia 1, and GPBC 3 were found to be promising genotypes for yield-attributing traits. Higher genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed for seed yield per plant and the number of inflorescences per plant. High heritability coupled with high GA% was recorded for the number of inflorescences per plant and seed yield per plant. Seed yield per plant was positively correlated with the number of inflorescences per plant, the length of the main inflorescence, and plant height, while being negatively correlated with days to first flowering and days to maturity. Plant height and the number of inflorescences per plant had the highest direct positive effect on seed yield per plant as revealed through path analysis. The first four principal components contributed 84% of the total variation. The results of the current research may help choose better genotypes and traits for chia breeding initiatives to increase yield.
Optimizing Tissue Culture for Yellow Dragon Fruit (Selenicereus megalanthus) Propagation: Enhancing Shoot and Root Induction
Yellow dragon fruit (Selenicereus megalanthus) "Palora" variety is a tropical cactus recognized for its yellow pericarp, white mesocarp, and black seeds. Dragon fruits are also known as pitaya. The yellow pitaya variant is regarded as the sweetest and most nutrient-dense, with high commercial value among the commonly cultivated pitaya types. However, large-scale cultivation of yellow dragon fruit remains limited by propagation constraints. The conventional propagation method using vegetative stem cuttings is labour-intensive and results in inconsistent growth and genetic variability. Tissue culture has emerged as a viable biotechnological alternative, enabling rapid multiplication of genetically uniform and disease-free plantlets under controlled conditions. The study aimed to optimize tissue culture medium for enhancing shoot induction on yellow dragon fruit. The experiments were conducted in two steps. The first step evaluated the explant response in MS medium containing 3 mg.L-1 BAP and varying NAA concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 1, 2, and 3 mg.L-1). The results showed that an elevation in NAA concentration promoted progressive growth in shoots, roots, and callus. However, when NAA was further augmented to 3 mg.L-1, shoot and root formation were repressed, while callus formation increased. The second step evaluated the combined effects of auxin and cytokinin on shoot formation. A factorial treatment design was applied using combinations of three NAA concentrations (1, 2, and 3 mg.L-1) and three BAP concentrations (1, 2, and 3 mg.L-1), resulting in nine treatment combinations, with the lowest concentration (NAA 1 mg.L-1 + BAP 1 mg.L-1) as the control. Statistical analysis revealed that NAA, BAP, and their interaction had a significant effect on the number of shoots. The optimal treatment for producing the highest number of shoots is a combination of NAA at 3 mg.L-1 and BAP at 2 mg.L-1.
Effect of Pullulan Derived from Micrococcus luteus on Preserving Selected Properties of Sunflower Oil
This study evaluates the efficacy of pullulan, a bacterial polysaccharide extracted from a local Micrococcus luteus isolate, in preserving the oxidative stability of unrefined sunflower oil. Using peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid value (TBA) as metrics. Five treatments were compared against a traditional antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and a control. Results demonstrated that the use of 800 ppm pullulan significantly inhibited oxidative degradation of the unrefined sunflower oil, particularly at 20°C storage. Peroxide values for 800 ppm pullulan (1.91 mEq.kg-1 at 20°C; 2.88 mEq.kg-1 at 50°C) were slightly higher than BHT (1.82 and 1.99 mEq.kg-1) but markedly lower than the control (4.49 and 3.59 mEq.kg-1). Thiobarbituric acid values for 800 ppm pullulan (0.38 mg MDA.kg-1 (malondialdehyde) at 2°C at day 40, and at 50°C at day 30, were marginally lower than BHT (0.43 and 0.47 mg MDA.kg-1) and significantly reduced versus the control (0.51 and 1.42 mg MDA.kg-1), respectively.
Mycorrhizae and Biofertilizers Applications Stimulate Pineapple Growth in Acidic Soil
Pineapple is a leading commodity worldwide and can grow in a variety of mineral and organic soils. Excessive use of inorganic fertilizers has a detrimental impact on soil and crop health. Biofertilizers contain beneficial microorganisms that can enhance soil fertility, improve soil health, and promote sustainable crop production. This study aimed to investigate the crucial role of biofertilizers and mycorrhizae in promoting the vegetative growth of pineapple in acidic soils. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with nine treatment levels and five replications. The results showed that the mycorrhizae applied at 5 g per plant, combined with full doses of chemical fertilizer (0.5 g ZA, 2 g DAP, and 2 g KCl per plant), produced the highest mycorrhizal colonization in treatment P4. Meanwhile, Provibio® biofertilizer at 5 mL per plant (diluted in 0.5 L water), mycorrhizae at 2.5 g per plant, and half doses of chemical fertilizer (0.25 g ZA, 1 g DAP, and 1 g KCl per plant (P8), improved vegetative growth and soil properties (pH, organic C, and total N) and supported the highest microbial population in the rhizosphere (26.05 × 10⁴ CFU.g-1 soil). This study demonstrated that the combined application of biofertilizers and mycorrhizae in moderate doses is more effective than full single-dose applications, leading to healthier soils and stronger vegetative growth of pineapple in acidic soils.
Seasonal Activity of the Pomegranate Fruit Moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller and its Possible Integrated Control in Ain al-Tamr, Karbala Governorate, Iraq
The pomegranate fruit moth, E. ceratoniae Zeller, is a significant pest of pomegranate worldwide. Seasonal monitoring and integrated control trials were carried out in pomegranate orchards of Ain al-Tamr, Karbala Governorate (Iraq) during the 2024 growing season (15 May–15 September 2024). Regular adult male f light began in early May and continued until mid September, peaking in mid-August (35.15 male moth per trap) at a mean ambient temperature of 35.85°C and a relative humidity of 20.47%. Field trials evaluated botanical oils (thyme and juniper, 7% v/v), the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (commercial formulation), their combinations, and the insecticide imidacloprid (Imidor 200 SL) under a randomized complete block design. Treatments and monitoring (pheromone traps) were repeated following two sprays (7 June and 7 July 2025). Combined B. bassiana + 7% thyme oil provided control comparable to Imidor, reducing fruit infection to 3.3% and trap captures to 1 male per trap, whereas B. bassiana alone reduced infection to ~10% and trap captures to five males per trap. Overall, treated plots averaged 13.31% infection, compared to 55% in controls, after the second spray. Statistical analyses (ANOVA, post hoc tests) confirmed significant treatment effects. These findings indicate that integrating B. bassiana with botanical oils can effectively reduce E. ceratoniae infestation and may serve as a sustainable alternative to routine chemical control in Ain al-Tamr pomegranate orchards.
Evaluation of Copper Hydroxide Bactericide for the Management of Common Bacterial Blight (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli) of Common Bean in Eastern Amhara, Ethiopia
Common bacterial blight constitutes a major constraint to common bean production in Ethiopia. To evaluate the efficacy of seed treatment and varying frequencies of foliar application of copper hydroxide for disease management, a field experiment was conducted at the Sirinka, Jari, and Cheffa research sites during the 2022 and 2023 growing seasons. The study employed a randomized complete block design with three replications. Eight treatments were assessed, including copper hydroxide seed treatment alone, seed treatment combined with one, two, or three foliar spray applications, and an untreated control. Data on disease severity, yield, and yield components were subjected to analysis of variance using GenStat version 18.0 software. The combined mean analysis revealed that the highest area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) value (957) was recorded in the seed-treated plots receiving two foliar sprays, while the lowest AUDPC value (518.6) was observed in the untreated control plots. Seed yield ranged from 1408 kg.ha-1 in the control treatment to 2397 kg.ha-1 in plots treated with copper hydroxide seed treatment plus two foliar sprays. The highest marginal rate of return (2214.2%) was attained with seed treatment alone, whereas a single foliar spray application yielded a return of 102.92%. Based on these findings, it is recommended that copper hydroxide bactericide be applied as a seed treatment at a rate of 300 g.100 kg-1 of common bean seed at planting, supplemented with a single foliar spray at the onset of disease, as this approach provides the greatest net economic benefit compared to other treatments and the control.