Citrus is a Multivitamin Treasure Trove: A Review

Authors

  • Rahmat Budiarto Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
  • Syariful Mubarok Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
  • Nursuhud Nursuhud Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
  • Bayu Pradana Nur Rahmat Master of Agronomy Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.10.1.57-70

Keywords:

antioxidant, grapefruit, mandarin, orange, tangerine

Abstract

Citrus is popularly known as the source of beneficial and essential nutrients for human health, including vitamins. The current review revealed the content of multivitamins, not only vitamin C but also vitamins A, B, and E that are not widely acknowledged within Citrus. Numerous Citrus genotypes contain vitamin C, with the grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) being the richest, and citron (C. medica) the poorest. Vitamin A in the form of β-carotene, α-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin is commonly found within Citrus, especially in several colored flesh species such as grapefruit, mandarin (C. reticulate), and orange (C. sinensis). In terms of vitamin B, orange and grapefruit are proven to contain B-complex, including thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), inositol (B8) and folate (B9). Vitamin E in the form of α-tocopherol was detected in leaf kaffir lime (C. hystrix) and orange (C. sinensis), lemon (C. limon), mandarin (C. reticulate), and tangerine (C. nobilis) fruit. This review summarizes the nutritional content of Citrus; Citrus contains not only vitamin C but also other vitamins beneficial to human health, therefore Citrus consumption is highly recommended.

References

Abobatta, F. W. (2019). Nutritional benefits of citrus fruits. American Journal of Biomedical Science and Research 3, 303–306. https://doi.org/10.34297/AJBSR.2019.03.000681
Adenaike, O., and Abakpa, G. O. (2021). Antioxidant compounds and health benefits of citrus fruits. European Journal of Nutrition and Food Safety, 65–74. https://doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2021/v13i230376
Ahsan, H., Ahad, A., and Siddiqui, W. A. (2015). A review of characterization of tocotrienols from plant oils and foods. Journal of Chemical Biology 8, 45–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12154-014-0127-8
Alós, E., Rodrigo, M. J., and Zacarías, L. (2014). Differential transcriptional regulation of l-ascorbic acid content in peel and pulp of citrus fruits during development and maturation. Planta 239, 1113–1128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-014-2044-z
Alvarez-Suarez, J. M., Mazzoni, L., Forbes-Hernandez, T. Y., Gasparrini, M., Sabbadini, S., and Giampieri, F. (2014). The effects of pre-harvest and postharvest factors on the nutritional quality of strawberry fruits: a review. Journal of Berry Research 4, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3233/JBR-140068
Amitava, D. (2014). Antioxidant vitamins and minerals In “Antioxidants in Food, Vitamins and Supplements” (A. Dasgupta and K. Klein, eds.) p. 277–294. Elsevier.
Araujo, E. F. D., Queiroz, L. P. D., and Machado, M. A. (2003). What is taxonomic implications from a study of cp-dna evolution in the tribe Citreae (Rutaceae subfamily Aurantioideae). Organisms Diversity and Evolution 3, 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1078/1439-6092-00058
Auestad, N., Hurley, J., Fulgoni, V., and Schweitzer, C. (2015). Contribution of food groups to energy and nutrient intakes in five developed countries. Nutrients 7, 4593–4618. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7064593
Bae, M., and Kim, H. (2020). The role of vitamin c, vitamin d, and selenium in immune system against COVID-19. Molecules 25, 5346. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225346
Bao, Y., Magallenes-Lundback, M., Deason, N., and DellaPenna, D. (2020). High throughput profiling of tocochromanols in leaves and seeds of Arabidopsis and Maize. Plant Methods 16, 14. DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00671-9
Bellows, L., Moore, R., Anderson, J., and Young, L. (2012). Water-soluble vitamins: B-complex and vitamin C. Food and Nutrition Series - Health 9, 312.
Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, E., Efedi, D., and Agusta, A. (2021). Sensory evaluation of the quality of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix dc.) leaves exposed to different postharvest treatments. Journal of Tropical Crop Science 8, 71–79. https://doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.8.02.71-79
Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, E., and Efendi, D. (2017). The potentials of limau (citrus amblycarpa hassk. ochse) as a functional food and ornamental mini tree based on metabolomic and morphological approaches. Journal of Tropical Crop Science 4, 49–57. https://doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.4.2.49-57
Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, E., and Efendi, D. (2018). Shoot manipulations improve flushing and flowering of mandarin citrus in Indonesia. Journal of Applied Horticulture 20, 112–118. https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.20
Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, E., and Efendi, D. (2021). Morphological evaluation and determination keys of 21 citrus genotypes at seedling stage. Journal of Biological Diversity 22, 3. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d220364
Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, E., Efendi D, and Agusta A. (2019). Agronomical and physiological characters of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC) seedling under artificial shading and pruning. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 222. https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2019.v31.i3.1920
Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, E., Efendi, D., and Agusta, A. (2019). Production, postharvest and marketing of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC) in Tulungagung, Indonesia. Journal of Tropical Crop Science 6, 138–143. https://doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.6.02.138-143
Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, E., Efendi, D., and Agusta, A. (2021a). Preliminary study on antioxidant and antibacterial activity of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC) leaf essential oil. Applied Research in Science and Technology 1, 58–65.
Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, E., Efendi, D., and Agusta, A. (2021b). A model to estimate bifoliate leaf area and weight of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix). Journal of Biological Diversity 22. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d220545
Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, E., Efendi, D., and Agusta, A. (2022a). The effects of preharvest mild shading on the quality and production of essential oil from kaffir lime leaves (Citrus hystrix). Journal of Tropical Crop Science 9, 15–21. https://doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.9.01.15-21
Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, E., Efendi, D., and Agusta, A. (2022b). The effects of preharvest mild shading on the quality and production of essential oil from kaffir lime leaves (Citrus hystrix). Journal of Tropical Crop Science 9, 15–21. https://doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.9.01.15-21
Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, E., Efendi, D., and Agusta, A. (2022c). Comparative and correlation analysis of young and mature kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC) leaf characteristics. International Journal of Plant Biology 13, 270–280. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb13030023
Budiarto, R., and Pratita, D. G. (2022). Citrus export performances of Southeast Asian countries: a comparative analysis. Teknotan: Jurnal Industri Teknologi Pertanian 16, 7–12.
Burri, B. J., Chang, J. S., Turner, T. (2011). Citrus can help prevent vitamin A deficiency in developing countries. California Agriculture 65, 130–135.
Cai, N., Chen, C., Wan, C., and Chen, J. (2021). Effects of pre-harvest gibberellic acid spray on endogenous hormones and fruit quality of kumquat (Citrus japonica ) fruits. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 49, 211–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/01140671.2020.1806084
Carr, A. C. (2020). A new clinical trial to test high-dose vitamin C in patients with COVID-19. Critical Care 24, 133. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-02851-4
Carr, A. C., and Frei, B. (1999). Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69, 1086–1107. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/69.6.1086
Carr, A. C., and Rowe, S. (2020). The emerging role of vitamin C in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Nutrients 12, 3286. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113286
Caruso, G., Villari, G., Melchionna, G., and Conti, S. (2011). Effects of cultural cycles and nutrient solutions on plant growth, yield and fruit quality of alpine strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) grown in hydroponics. Scientia Horticulturae 129, 479–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.04.020
Cayuela, J. A., and García, J. F. (2017). Sorting olive oil based on alpha-tocopherol and total tocopherol content using near-infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS) analysis. Journal of Food Engineering 202, 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.01.015
Chen, C., Nie, Z., Wan, C., and Chen, J. (2019). Preservation of xinyu tangerines with an edible coating using Ficus hirta Vahl. fruits extract-incorporated chitosan. Biomolecules 9, 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9020046
Chen, C., Peng, X., Zeng, R., Chen, M., Wan, C., and Chen, J. (2016). Ficus hirta fruits extract incorporated into an alginate-based edible coating for Nanfeng mandarin preservation. Scientia Horticulturae 202, 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.12.046
Ching, L. S., and Mohamed, S. (2001). Alpha-tocopherol content in 62 edible tropical plants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49, 3101–3105. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf000891u
Citak, S., and Sonmez, S. (2010). Effects of conventional and organic fertilization on spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) growth, yield, vitamin C and nitrate concentration during two successive seasons. Scientia Horticulturae 126, 415–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2010.08.010
Colombo, M. L. (2010). An update on vitamin E, tocopherol and tocotrienol perspectives. Molecules 15, 2103–2113. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15042103
Conti, S., Villari, G., Faugno, S., Melchionna, G., Somma, S., and Caruso, G. (2014). Effects of organic vs. conventional farming system on yield and quality of strawberry grown as an annual or biennial crop in southern Italy. Scientia Horticulturae 180, 63–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2014.10.015
Cruz, R., and Casal, S. (2013). Validation of a fast and accurate chromatographic method for detailed quantification of vitamin E in green leafy vegetables. Food Chemistry 141, 1175–1180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.099
Dreher, M. L., and Davenport, A. J. (2013). Hass avocado composition and potential health effects. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 53, 738–750. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.556759
Efendi, D., and Budiarto, R. (2022). Benefits and challenges of using tropical fruits as ornamental trees for green city. Acta Horticulturae 1334, 369–378. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2022.1334.46
Efendi, D., Budiarto, R., Poerwanto, R., Santosa, E., and Agusta, A. (2021). Relationship among agroclimatic variables, soil and leaves nutrient status with the yield and main composition of kaffir lime (citrus hystrix dc) leaves essential oil. Metabolites 11, 260. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11050260
El-Shereif, A., Zaghloul, A., and Abu Elyazid, D. (2017). Effect of streptomycin and GA3 application on seedlessness, yield and fruit quality of “Balady” Mandarin. Egyptian Journal of Horticulture, 44, 99–104. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejoh.2017.1178.1012
Erol, S. A., Tanacan, A., Anuk, A. T., Tokalioglu, E. O., Biriken, D., Keskin, H. L., Moraloglu, O. T., Yazihan, N., and Sahin, D. (2021). Evaluation of maternal serum afamin and vitamin E levels in pregnant women with COVID‐19 and its association with composite adverse perinatal outcomes. Journal of Medical Virology 93, 2350–2358. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26725
Erturk, Y., Ercisli, S., and Cakmakci, R. (2012). Yield and growth response of strawberry to plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria inoculation. Journal of Plant Nutrition 35, 817–826. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2012.663437
Escobedo-Avellaneda, Z., Gutiérrez-Uribe, J., Valdez-Fragoso, A., Torres, J. A., and Welti-Chanes, J. (2014). Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of juice, flavedo, albedo and comminuted orange. Journal of Functional Foods 6, 470–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2013.11.013
Fanciullino, A.-L., Dhuique-Mayer, C., Luro, F., Casanova, J., Morillon, R., and Ollitrault, P. (2006). Carotenoid diversity in cultivated citrus is highly influenced by genetic factors. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54, 4397–4406. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0526644
FAO. (2016). “Citrus Fruit Statistics 2015”. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome.
Fard, M., Beydokhti, H., Tahergorabi, Z., Abedini, M., and Mitra, M. (2015). Ziziphus jujuba, a red fruit with promising anti-cancer activities. Pharmacognosy Reviews 9, 99. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.162108
Farjana, M., Moni, A., Sohag, A. A. M., Hasan, A., Hannan, Md. A., Hossain, Md. G., and Uddin, M. J. (2020). Repositioning vitamin C as a promising option to alleviate complications associated with COVID-19. Infection and Chemotherapy 52, 461. https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2020.52.4.461
Fenech, M., Amaya, I., Valpuesta, V., and Botella, M. A. (2019). Vitamin C content in fruits: biosynthesis and regulation. Frontiers in Plant Science 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.02006
Fritsche, S., Wang, X., and Jung, C. (2017). Recent advances in our understanding of tocopherol biosynthesis in plants: an overview of key genes, functions, and breeding of vitamin E improved crops. Antioxidants 6, 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox6040099
Galanakis, C. M. (2020). The food systems in the era of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic crisis. Foods 9, 523. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040523
Gambetta, G., Mesejo, C., Martínez-Fuentes, A., Reig, C., Gravina, A., and Agustí, M. (2014). Gibberellic acid and norflurazon affecting the time-course of flavedo pigment and abscisic acid content in ‘Valencia’ sweet orange. Scientia Horticulturae 180, 94–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2014.10.021
García-Closas, R., Berenguer, A., Tormo, M. J., Sánchez, M. J., Quirós, J. R., Navarro, C., Arnaud, R., Dorronsoro, M., Chirlaque, M. D., Barricarte, A., Ardanaz, E., Amiano, P., Martinez, C., Agudo, A., and González, C. A. (2004). Dietary sources of vitamin C, vitamin E and specific carotenoids in Spain. British Journal of Nutrition 91, 1005–1011. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20041130
Ghorbani, B., Pakkish, Z., and Khezri, M. (2018). Nitric oxide increases antioxidant enzyme activity and reduces chilling injury in orange fruit during storage. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 46, 101–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/01140671.2017.1345764
Godswill, A. G., Somtochukwu, I. V., Ikechukwu, A. O., and Kate, E. C. (2020). Health benefits of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) and their associated deficiency diseases: a systematic review. International Journal of Food Sciences 3, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.47604/ijf.1024
Gorton, H. C., and Jarvis, K. (1999). The effectiveness of vitamin C in preventing and relieving the symptoms of virus-induced respiratory infections. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 22, 530–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-4754(99)70005-9
Hanif, Z., Arisah, H., and Mariana, B. D. (2021). Indonesian citrus varieties: implications legality of variety on national citrus productivity. Prosiding Seminar Nasional PERHORTI, 157–166.
Hermanns, A. S., Zhou, X., Xu, Q., Tadmor, Y., and Li, L. (2020). Carotenoid pigment accumulation in horticultural plants. Horticultural Plant Journal 6, 343–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpj.2020.10.002
Hiedra, R., Lo, K. B., Elbashabsheh, M., Gul, F., Wright, R. M., Albano, J., Azmaiparashvili, Z., and Patarroyo Aponte, G. (2020). The use of IV vitamin C for patients with COVID-19: a case series. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy 18, 1259–1261. https://doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2020.1794819
Holford, P., Carr, A. C., Jovic, T. H., Ali, S. R., Whitaker, I. S., Marik, P. E., and Smith, A. D. (2020). Vitamin C, an adjunctive therapy for respiratory infection, sepsis and COVID-19. Nutrients, 12, 3760. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123760
Ikoma, Y., Matsumoto, H., and Kato, M. (2016). Diversity in the carotenoid profiles and the expression of genes related to carotenoid accumulation among citrus genotypes. Breeding Science 66, 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.66.139
Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients. (2001). “Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc”. National Academic Press, Washington DC.
Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds. (2000). “Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids”. Academic Press. Washington DC.
Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline. (1998). “Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline”. Academic Press. Washington DC.

Kato, M. (2012). Mechanism of carotenoid accumulation in citrus fruit. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science 81, 219–233. https://doi.org/10.2503/jjshs1.81.219
Kaur, J., and Kaur, G. (2015). An insight into the role of citrus bioactives in modulation of colon cancer. Journal of Functional Foods 13, 239–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.12.043
Khalid, S., Khalid, N., Khan, R. S., Ahmed, H., and Ahmad, A. (2017). A review on chemistry and pharmacology of Ajwa date fruit and pit. Trends in Food Science and Technology 63, 60–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.02.009
Kim, H., Jang, M., Kim, Y., Choi, J., Jeon, J., Kim, J., Hwang, Y., Kang, J. S., and Lee, W. J. (2016). Red ginseng and vitamin C increase immune cell activity and decrease lung inflammation induced by influenza A virus/H1N1 infection. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 68, 406–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.12529
Knecht, K., Sandfuchs, K., Kulling, S. E., and Bunzel, D. (2015). Tocopherol and tocotrienol analysis in raw and cooked vegetables: a validated method with emphasis on sample preparation. Food Chemistry 169, 20–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.099
Krehl, W. A., and Cowgill, G. R. (1950). Vitamin content of citrus products. Journal of Food Science 15, 179–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1950.tb16465.x
Kruk, J., Hollander-Czytko, H., Oettmeier, W., and Trebst, A. (2005). Tocopherol as singlet oxygen scavenger in photosystem II. Journal of Plant Physiology 162, 749–757. DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2005.04.020
Kumar, D., Ladaniya, M. S., and Gurjar, M. (2019). Underutilized Citrus sp. Pomelo (Citrus grandis) and Kachai lemon (Citrus jambhiri) exhale in phytochemicals and antioxidant potential. Journal of Food Science and Technology 56, 217–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-018-3477-3
Kumari, P., Dembra, S., Dembra, P., Bhawna, F., Gul, A., Ali, B., Sohail, H., Kumar, B., Memon, M. K., and Rizwan, A. (2020). The role of vitamin C as adjuvant therapy in COVID-19. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.11779
Kurowska, E. M., Spence, J. D., Jordan, J., Wetmore, S., Freeman, D. J., Piché, L. A., Serratore, P. (2000). HDL-cholesterol-raising effect of orange juice in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72, 1095–1100.
Lado, J., Gambetta, G., and Zacarias, L. (2018). Key determinants of citrus fruit quality: Metabolites and main changes during maturation. Scientia Horticulturae 233, 238–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.01.055
Langgut, D. (2017). The citrus route revealed: from Southeast Asia into the Mediterranean. HortScience 52, 814–822. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI11023-16
Lapuente, Estruch, Shahbaz, and Casas. (2019). Relation of fruits and vegetables with major cardiometabolic risk factors, markers of oxidation, and inflammation. Nutrients 11, 2381. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102381
Latocha, P. (2017). The nutritional and health benefits of kiwi berry (Actinidia arguta) – a review. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 72, 325–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-017-0637-y
Lee, G., and Han, S. (2018). The role of vitamin e in immunity. Nutrients 10, 1614. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111614
Lee, S. K., and Kader, A. A. (2000). Preharvest and postharvest factors influencing vitamin C content of horticultural crops. Postharvest Biology and Technology 20, 207–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00133-2
Li, L., and Yuan, H. (2013). Chromoplast biogenesis and carotenoid accumulation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 539, 102–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2013.07.002
Liu, Y., Heying, E., and Tanumihardjo, S. A. (2012). History, global distribution, and nutritional importance of citrus fruits. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 11, 530–545. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2012.00201.x
Lu, S., Zhang, Y., Zheng, X., Zhu, K., Xu, Q., and Deng, X. (2016). Molecular characterization, critical amino acid identification, and promoter analysis of a lycopene β-cyclase gene from citrus. Tree Genetics and Genomes 12, 106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-016-1066-z
Lu, S., Zhang, Y., Zhu, K., Yang, W., Ye, J., Chai, L., Xu, Q., and Deng, X. (2018). The citrus transcription factor csmads6 modulates carotenoid metabolism by directly regulating carotenogenic genes. Plant Physiology 176, 2657–2676. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.17.01830
Lu, X., Zhao, C., Shi, H., Liao, Y., Xu, F., Du, H., Xiao, H., and Zheng, J. (2021). Nutrients and bioactives in citrus fruits: Different citrus varieties, fruit parts, and growth stages. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1969891
Ma, G., Zhang, L., Yungyuen, W., Sato, Y., Furuya, T., Yahata, M., Yamawaki, K., and Kato, M. (2018). Accumulation of carotenoids in a novel citrus cultivar “Seinannohikari” during the fruit maturation. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 129, 349–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.06.015
Mabberley, D. J. (2004). Citrus (Rutaceae): A review of recent advances in etymology, systematics and medical applications. Blumea - Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants 49, 481–498. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651904X484432
Maggini, S., Wenzlaff, S., and Hornig, D. (2010). Essential role of vitamin C and zinc in child immunity and health. Journal of International Medical Research 38, 386–414. https://doi.org/10.1177/147323001003800203
Magwaza, L. S., Mditshwa, A., Tesfay, S. Z., and Opara, U. L. (2017). An overview of preharvest factors affecting vitamin C content of citrus fruit. Scientia Horticulturae 216, 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2016.12.021
Maldonado-Celis, M. E., Yahia, E. M., Bedoya, R., Landázuri, P., Loango, N., Aguillón, J., Restrepo, B., and Guerrero Ospina, J. C. (2019). Chemical composition of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit: nutritional and phytochemical compounds. Frontiers in Plant Science 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01073
Mapson, W. (1970). The bio-chemistry of fruits and their products In Vitamins in Fruits (A. C. Hulme, ed.). Academic Press, Vol. 1.
Martí, N., Mena, P., Cánovas, J. A., Micol, V., and Saura, D. (2009). Vitamin C and the role of citrus juices as functional food. Natural Product Communications 4, 1934578X0900400. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X0900400506
Matsumoto, H., Ikoma, Y., Kato, M., Kuniga, T., Nakajima, N., and Yoshida, T. (2007). Quantification of carotenoids in citrus fruit by LC-MS and comparison of patterns of seasonal changes for carotenoids among citrus varieties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55, 2356–2368. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf062629c
Mène-Saffrané, L. (2017). Vitamin E biosynthesis and its regulation in plants. Antioxidants 7, 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox7010002
Mubarok, S., Ezura, H., Qonit, M. A. H., Prayudha, E., Anas, Suwali, N., Kusumiyati, and Kurnia, D. (2019). Alteration of nutritional and antioxidant level of ethylene receptor tomato mutants, Sletr1-1 and Sletr1-2. Scientia Horticulturae 256, 108546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108546
Mubarok, S., Okabe, Y., Fukuda, N., Ariizumi, T., and Ezura, H. (2015). Potential use of a weak ethylene receptor mutant, sletr1-2 , as breeding material to extend fruit shelf life of tomato. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 63, 7995–8007. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02742
Mubarok, S., Yulianto, F., Budiarto, R., Rahmat, B. P. N., and Khoerunnisa, S. A. (2021). Metabolite correlation with antioxidant activity in different fruit maturation stages of Physalis peruviana. Journal of Biological Diversity 22, 5. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d220536
Mudambi, S. R. and Rajagopal, M.V. (1977). Technical note: vitamin C content of some fruits grown in Nigeria. Journal of Food Technology 12,189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1977.tb00098.x
Munné-Bosch, S., and Falk, J. (2004). New insights into the function of tocopherols in plants. Planta 218, 323–326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-003-1126-0
Nagy, S. (1980). Vitamin C contents of citrus fruit and their products: a review. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 28, 8–18. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60227a026
Nawaz, M. A., Ahmad, W., Ahmad, S., and Khan, M. M. (2008). Role of growth regulators on preharvest fruit drop, yield and quality in Kinnow mandarin. Pakistan Journal of Botany 40, 1971–1981.
Niki, E., and Abe, K. (2019). Vitamin E: structure, properties and functions In “Vitamin E: Chemistry and Nutritional Benefits” p.1–11. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016216-00001
Öhrvik, V. and Witthöft, C. (2008). Orange juice is a good folate source in respect to folate content and stability during storage and simulated digestion. European Journal of Nutrition 47, 92–98.
Oliveira, A. B., Moura, C. F. H., Gomes-Filho, E., Marco, C. A., Urban, L., and Miranda, M. R. A. (2013). The impact of organic farming on the quality of tomatoes is associated to increased oxidative stress during fruit development. PLoS ONE 8, e56354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056354
Ornelas-Paz, J. de J., Meza, M. B., Obenland, D., Rodríguez (Friscia), K., Jain, A., Thornton, S., and Prakash, A. (2017). Effect of phytosanitary irradiation on the postharvest quality of seedless Kishu mandarins (Citrus kinokuni mukakukishu). Food Chemistry 230, 712–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.02.125
Pantelidis, G., Vasilakakis, M., Manganaris, G., and Diamantidis, G. (2007). Antioxidant capacity, phenol, anthocyanin and ascorbic acid contents in raspberries, blackberries, red currants, gooseberries and Cornelian cherries. Food Chemistry 102, 777–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.06.021
Pareek, S. (2013). Nutritional composition of jujube fruit. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 25, 463. https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.v25i6.15552
Patterson, T., Isales, C. M., and Fulzele, S. (2021). Low level of Vitamin C and dysregulation of vitamin C transporter might be involved in the severity of COVID-19 Infection. Aging and Disease 12, 14. https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2020.0918
Paul, D. K., and Shaha, R. K. (2004). Nutrients, vitamins and minerals content in common citrus fruits in the Northern Region of Bangladesh. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 7, 238–242. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2004.238.242
Peh, H. Y., Tan, W. S. D., Liao, W., and Wong, W. S. F. (2016). Vitamin E therapy beyond cancer: tocopherol versus tocotrienol. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 162, 152–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.12.003
Poiroux-Gonord, F., Bidel, L. P. R., Fanciullino, A.L., Gautier, H., Lauri-Lopez, F., and Urban, L. (2010). Health benefits of vitamins and secondary metabolites of fruits and vegetables and prospects to increase their concentrations by agronomic approaches. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58, 12065–12082. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf1037745
Priyadarshani, A. M. B. (2017). A review on factors influencing bio accessibility and bio efficacy of carotenoids. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 57, 1710–1717. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2015.1023431
Proteggente, A. R., Saija, A., de Pasquale, A., and Rice-Evans, C. A. (2003). The compositional characterisation and antioxidant activity of fresh juices from Sicilian sweet orange ( Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) varieties. Free Radical Research 37, 681–687. https://doi.org/10.1080/1071576031000083198
Qin, X., Liu, J., Du, Y., Li, Y., Zheng, L., Chen, G., and Cao, Y. (2019). Different doses of vitamin C supplementation enhances the Th1 immune response to early Plasmodium yoelii 17XL infection in BALB/c mice. International Immunopharmacology 70, 387–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.031
Quian-Ulloa, R., and Stange, C. (2021). Carotenoid biosynthesis and plastid development in plants: the role of light. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, 1184. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031184
Raiola, A., Rigano, M. M., Calafiore, R., Frusciante, L., and Barone, A. (2014). Enhancing the health-promoting effects of tomato fruit for biofortified food. Mediators of Inflammation 2014, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/139873
Ramsey, D., and Muskin, P. R. (2013). Vitamin deficiencies and mental health: How are they linked. Current Psychiatry 12, 37–43.
Ran, L., Zhao, W., Wang, J., Wang, H., Zhao, Y., Tseng, Y., and Bu, H. (2018). Extra dose of vitamin C based on a daily supplementation shortens the common cold: A meta-analysis of 9 randomized controlled trials. BioMed Research International 2018, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1837634
Rashwan, A. K., Karim, N., Shishir, M. R. I., Bao, T., Lu, Y., and Chen, W. (2020). Jujube fruit: A potential nutritious fruit for the development of functional food products. Journal of Functional Foods 75, 104205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2020.104205
Rizvi, S., Raza, S. T., Ahmed, F., Ahmad, A., Abbas, S., and Mahdi, F. (2014). The role of vitamin e in human health and some diseases. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal 14, e157-65.
Rodrigo, M. J., Lado, J., Alós, E., Alquézar, B., Dery, O., Hirschberg, J., and Zacarías, L. (2019). A mutant allele of ζ-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO) is associated with the yellow pigmentation of the “Pinalate” sweet orange mutant and reveals new insights into its role in fruit carotenogenesis. BMC Plant Biology 19, 465. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-2078-2
Rokaya, P. R., Baral, D. R., Gautam, D. M., Shrestha, A. K., and Paudyal, K. P. (2016). Effect of pre-harvest application of gibberellic acid on fruit quality and shelf life of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco). American Journal of Plant Sciences 7, 1033–1039. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2016.77098
Rothan, H. A., and Byrareddy, S. N. (2020). The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of Autoimmunity 109, 102433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433
Rupp, D., and Tränkle, L. (2000). Effects of nitrogen fertilization on yield, fruit quality and vegetative properties of red currant cultivar ’Rovada’. Erwerbsobstbau 42, 15–20.
Saeid, A., and Ahmed, M. (2021). Citrus fruits: nutritive value and value-added products. Citrus Research, Development and Biotechnology, 171.
Saini, R. K., Ranjit, A., Sharma, K., Prasad, P., Shang, X., Gowda, K. G. M., and Keum, Y.-S. (2022). Bioactive compounds of citrus fruits: a review of composition and health benefits of carotenoids, flavonoids, limonoids, and terpenes. Antioxidants 11, 239. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020239
Salinthone, S., Kerns, A. R., Tsang, V., and Carr, D. W. (2013). α-Tocopherol (vitamin E) stimulates cyclic AMP production in human peripheral mononuclear cells and alters immune function. Molecular Immunology 53, 173–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2012.08.005
Schellack, G., Harirari, P., and Schellack, N. (2019). Vitamin B-complex deficiency, supplementation and management. SA Pharmaceutical Journal 86, 23–29.
Sdiri, S., Bermejo, A., Aleza, P., Navarro, P., and Salvador, A. (2012). Phenolic composition, organic acids, sugars, vitamin C and antioxidant activity in the juice of two new triploid late-season mandarins. Food Research International 49, 462–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2012.07.040
Shahidi, F., Pinaffi-Langley, A. C. C., Fuentes, J., Speisky, H., and de Camargo, A. C. (2021). Vitamin E as an essential micronutrient for human health: Common, novel, and unexplored dietary sources. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 176, 312–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.025
Sharma, R. R., Singh, R., and Saxena, S. K. (2006). Characteristics of citrus fruits in relation to granulation. Scientia Horticulturae 111, 91–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2006.09.007
Silalahi, J. (2002). Anticancer and health protective properties of citrus fruit components. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 11, 79–84. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-6047.2002.00271.x
Silva, K. D. R. R., and Sirasa, M. S. F. (2018). Antioxidant properties of selected fruit cultivars grown in Sri Lanka. Food Chemistry 238, 203–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.102
Sindhu, S. S., and Singhrot, R. S. (1993). Effect of pre-harvest spray of growth regulator and fungicides on the shelf life of lemon cv Baramasi, a note. Haryana Journal of Horticultural Sciences 22, 204.
Stover, P. J., and Field, M. S. (2015). Vitamin B-6. Advances in Nutrition 6, 132–133. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.113.005207
Taş, A., Berk, S. K., Orman, E., Gundogdu, M., Ercişli, S., Karatas, N., Jurikova, T., Adamkova, A., Nedomova, S., and Micek, J. (2021). Influence of pre-harvest gibberellic acid and postharvest 1-methyl cyclopropane treatments on phenolic compounds, vitamin C and organic acid contents during the shelf life of strawberry fruits. Plants 10, 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010121
Tavakol, S., and Seifalian, A. M. (2022). Vitamin E at a high dose as an anti‐ferroptosis drug and not just a supplement for COVID‐19 treatment. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry 69, 1058–1060. https://doi.org/10.1002/bab.2176
Ting, S. v. (1980). “Nutrients and Nutrition of Citrus Fruits” pp. 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1980-0143.ch001
Turner, T. (2012). “Pro-vitamin A Carotenoids: Aspects of the Biology, Chemical Analysis, and Utilization of Foods for Improving Public Health”. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
Turner, T., and Burri, B. (2013). Potential nutritional benefits of current citrus consumption. Agriculture 3, 170–187. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture3010170
Vij, T., and Prashar, Y. (2015). A review on medicinal properties of Carica papaya Linn. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 5, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60617-4
Wang, Y.-C., Chuang, Y.-C., and Hsu, H.-W. (2008). The flavonoid, carotenoid and pectin content in peels of citrus cultivated in Taiwan. Food Chemistry 106, 277–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.05.086
Wei, X., Chen, C., Yu, Q., Gady, A., Yu, Y., Liang, G., and Gmitter, F. G. (2014). Comparison of carotenoid accumulation and biosynthetic gene expression between Valencia and Rohde Red Valencia sweet oranges. Plant Science 227, 28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.06.016
Widyastuti, R. A. D., Budiarto, R., Hendarto, K., Warganegara, H. A., Listiana, I., Haryanto, Y., and Yanfika, H. (2022). Fruit quality of guava (Psidium guajava ‘Kristal’) under different fruit bagging treatments and altitudes of growing location. Journal of Tropical Crop Science 9, 8–14. https://doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.9.01.8-14
Widyastuti, R. A. D., Budiarto, R., Warganegara, H. A., Timotiwu, P. B., Listiana, I., and Yanfika, H. (2022). ‘Crystal’ guava fruit quality in response to altitude variation of growing location. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 23, https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230344
Wu, G. A., Terol, J., Ibanez, V., López-García, A., Pérez-Román, E., Borredá, C., Domingo, C., Tadeo, F. R., Carbonell-Caballero, J., Alonso, R., Curk, F., Du, D., Ollitrault, P., Roose, M. L., Dopazo, J., Gmitter, F. G., Rokhsar, D. S., and Talon, M. (2018). Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus. Nature 554, 311–316. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25447
Xiang, N., Li, C. Y., Li, G. K., Yu, Y. T., Hu, J. G., and Guo, X. B. (2019). Comparative evaluation on vitamin E and carotenoid accumulation in sweet corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings under temperature stress. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 67, 9772–9781. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04452
Yuan, H., Zhang, J., Nageswaran, D., and Li, L. (2015). Carotenoid metabolism and regulation in horticultural crops. Horticulture Research 2, 15036. https://doi.org/10.1038/hortres.2015.36
Yuan, Q., and Zhao, L. (2017). The mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit, a review of characteristic components and health benefits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65, 10383–10394. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03614
Zeng, W., Xie, Z., Yang, X., Ye, J., Xu, Q., and Deng, X. (2013). Microsatellite polymorphism is likely involved in phytoene synthase activity in Citrus. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 113, 449–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-012-0285-8
Zhang, J., Rao, X., Li, Y., Zhu, Y., Liu, F., Guo, G., Luo, G., Meng, Z., de Backer, D., Xiang, H., and Peng, Z. (2021). Pilot trial of high-dose vitamin C in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Annals of Intensive Care 11, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-020-00792-3
Zhang, L., Ma, G., Yamawaki, K., Ikoma, Y., Matsumoto, H., Yoshioka, T., Ohta, S., and Kato, M. (2015). Regulation of ascorbic acid metabolism by blue LED light irradiation in citrus juice sacs. Plant Science 233, 134–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.01.010
Zhao, B., Ling, Y., Li, J., Peng, Y., Huang, J., Wang, Y., Qu, H., Gao, Y., Li, Y., Hu, B., Lu, S., Lu, H., Zhang, W., and Mao, E. (2021). Beneficial aspects of high dose intravenous vitamin C on patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in severe condition: a retrospective case series study. Annals of Palliative Medicine 10, 1599–1609. https://doi.org/10.21037/apm-20-1387
Zhou, Z. Q. (2012). “Citrus Fruit Nutrition”. Science Press. Beijing, China
Zhu, F., Luo, T., Liu, C., Wang, Y., Yang, H., Yang, W., Zheng, L., Xiao, X., Zhang, M., Xu, R., Xu, J., Zeng, Y., Xu, J., Xu, Q., Guo, W., Larkin, R. M., Deng, X., and Cheng, Y. (2017). An R2R3‐MYB transcription factor represses the transformation of α‐ and β‐branch carotenoids by negatively regulating expression of CrBCH2 and CrNCED5 in flavedo of Citrus reticulate. New Phytologist 216, 178–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14684
Zingg, J.-M. (2019). Vitamin E: regulatory role on signal transduction. IUBMB Life 71, 456–478. https://doi.org/10.1002/iub.1986
Zou, Z., Xi, W., Hu, Y., Nie, C., and Zhou, Z. (2016). Antioxidant activity of citrus fruits. Food Chemistry 196, 885–896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.072

Downloads

Published

2023-01-31

How to Cite

Budiarto, R., Mubarok, S., Nursuhud, N., & Rahmat, B. P. N. (2023). Citrus is a Multivitamin Treasure Trove: A Review. Journal of Tropical Crop Science, 10(01), 57–70. https://doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.10.1.57-70