Spatial Analysis of Viral Outbreaks in Indonesian Tomato Cultivation: Pathways to Sustainable Farming
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.13.02.555-573Keywords:
Indonesia, mix infection, tomato, virus pathogenAbstract
Tomato production in Indonesia is severely threatened by viral pathogens, compromising yield and food security. This study analyzed the spatial distribution of viral infections in 483 tomato samples collected from 11 provinces spanning 38 districts. Using RT-PCR and PCR diagnostics, we detected an overall infection rate of 96%, encompassing both RNA and DNA viruses. Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (PepYLCIV) was the predominant DNA virus, while cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) were the most widespread RNA viruses, frequently co-infecting with DNA viruses. Mixed infections were common, with up to five viruses detected in single samples, reflecting high viral complexity and crop vulnerability. An inverse relationship between infection complexity and crop vulnerability. An inverse relationship between infection complexity and incidence rate was observed: samples containing more viruses occurred less frequently. The variability of symptoms between single and mixed infections further hinders accurate visual diagnosis, underscoring the need for molecular detection tools. Spatial analysis revealed that Java Island had the highest incidence of viruses and the greatest diversity of combinations. Notably, North Sumatera (Tanah Karo), East Kalimantan (Samarinda and Balikpapan), and Central Sulawesi (Palu, Donggala, and Sigi) also exhibited high virus incidence and frequent DNA–RNA virus coinfections.
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